Indias colonial rule

Indias compound formulaResearch Questions and HypothesisThe fol menialing objectives / interrogation questions go forth constitute the universe for the direction and organize of the methodology chapter.What was Indias delivery like chthonian compound rule?What was the adventure emancipation economical ashes in India like?What did colonialism did for the Indian deliverance?What is Indias providence like to solar day and can it maintain offshoot?These questions impart act as a logical guideline with which my address look for can begin.Hypothesis At the end of colonial rule, the new independent India took on an thriftiness that was ruined, poor and stagnant. that posthumousr on the 1991 reforms the saving has big(a) at a rapid rate and has a bright future ahead. I feel that it is due to the instruments that the British put in key out that is able to retain scotch growth today.AbstractThe Indian saving has had a chequered past, from 1858 to 1947 the Br itish ru direct India there ar some(prenominal) examples of the colonial rule exploiting India as the British thought, India was the jewel in their crown. When the British left hand India they left behind an underd eveloped, poor country, as in the 1700 Indias share of the human being income was 22.6% and fell to a low of 3.8% in 1952. more(prenominal)over the colonial rule did as well declare India to industrialization, it introduced fixed exchange rates, blank space rights, and a uniform notes. The British built the enormous railway ashes and improved communication links. Which in numeral befriended bring India on the alley to westernisation.In the 1970s India had an output of just 3% and in the eighties it incisioned to postulate problems in with its balance of gestatements. At this time India was a fishing tackle- collectivised closed delivery, which followed the USSR in its sparing policies instead of the free instauration. India heretofore had to revis e their economic policies and come up with a plan that would save the countries saving, as India undercoat that imports were change magnitude rapidly and exports decreased. In the late 1980 India had a huge financial deficit which resulted in a balance of payments crisis of 1991.In 1991 Prime take care Manmohan Singh was the finance minister in the Narasimha Rao government, he was the chief architect of the new economic policies. He shifted the Indian thrift from a semi kindist command to a more open liberal economy. This liberalization in 1991 was a catalyst for future growth in the country. From the initial interpretations of the literary productions along with the primary and secondary interrogation, it has showed that there were a number of varied factors and views that pushed the Indian economy to grow later on colonial rule. The key factors that contain drive Indias economic growth from 1947 were, transition to a knowledge found economy, middle class universe, th e demographic dividend, incline speaking people and investment funds likely. so far constraints to growth are affected by the bad infra structure, leave out of higher education and widespread poverty.BackgroundThis dissertation aims to look at how British liquidation of India as affected her economy today. Through search it has been found, that India, due to its history was at a handy cap when it came to economic growth. The British rule from 1858 to 1947 drained the riches of India, the British reasons for colonialism concord to Maddison (1971) were strictly economic. They saw India as a main comp whiznt in the in the hierarchy of power, of the conception. For many years after India gained its independence in 1947 it was a closed economy, with bad infrastructure and low growth rates. moreover since the crisis in 1991 India has made social reforms, which has jocked it become exclusive of the fasted growth third valet countries in the world. It is considerd that Indi a has further to go, as does Rajadhyaksha (2006) that India has great potential beca work of its huge population, its summation in the middle class population, economic liberalization and its relationship with away world for further economic growth. There is a vast nub of literature that supports that supports my view, because India is such a relevant country today. I chose this as a yield because I feel that India is on the verge of exploding economically. Although India is hitherto to over take China in ground of in terms of PPP (purchasing power parity), it is still a relatively young country, and in the attached 50 years it could take over China.The research for this subject leave behind start of with a oecumenical examination of the Indian economy during the colonial rule through the use of secondary sources. Focus give only be emphasized on many aspects of the economy Indian economy because, the state of the economy is such a huge discipline to cover in unitary d issertation. Once an overall knowledge of the topic was gained, it was necessary to analyze the literature, so that a deeper understanding of the Indian economy and look at how the Indian miserliness has changed after the instruments of modernization move upon India by the British.MethodologyResearch is defined by Saunders et al (2003) as something that people undertake in found to find out things in a dustatic way, thereby increasing their knowledge. I go out use deuce different research philosophies, the Interpretivism paradigm, which focuses on the subjective aspects of human exercise by focusing on the meaning, rather than the measurement, of social phenomena, (Collis Hussey, 2003), this paradigm go out be useful to me due to the qualitative nature of my dissertation. A nonher research philosophy that I will follow is the Realism paradigm which looks to understand, the earth of an external and objective reality that influences peoples social interpretations and behaviou rs (Saunders et al 2003). The most principal(prenominal) methodologies that I will use for this dissertation are interviews, case studies on India and its economy and questionnaires. I incorporate both quantitative and qualitative info in my research but focusing more on the latter. In addition, I will withal use primary sources, such as informal interviews, questionnaires and nurse, and secondary sources, such as government statistics, journals, and newspaper articles. I will also look at the ethical aspect of conducting research for my dissertation, as I will be conducting informal interviews, I will give up to be aware of basis.This Literature surveilThis Literature Review will look at a variety of opinions concerning India economic reason during British settlement, post colonization and its future potential in the world stage. This will include a detailed outline of what pervious known authors have written on Indias economic growth, Indian economys, current exertion a nd the potential for further growth this in turn will tow to a better understanding of the subject and establish a academic foundation for further research based on academic journals, books and magazines. parsimony under colonial ruleDid the British colonial rule help or hinder Indias economy today? This area of study has breed countless debates. Many academics highlight the positive role British colonization had on India, from supporting capital movements and hatful (Furguson 2002) to amalgamating administration and securing peace (Lal 2004). However other academics take an opposite stance on the subject and paint a picture that the British exploited India and drained her of her wealth (Bagchi 2002). The British had many reasons for colonial rule of India according to Paul Halsall (Internet modern history source book), the reasons include security, trade and the cause of humanity. However Maddison argues in his book Class structure and Economic Growth that Britons motive for co lonisation was simply economic, they valued to get give way of a monopolistic trading position (Maddison 1971 35). The British mission was to explore all territories, in hope of opportunities that ensured them economic power. Maddison justifies this claim through researching the economic and social impact of colonial rule he found that the colonial rule brought slight change to the life of the general population, there were no major changes in closure companionship and education efforts only support the upper class. Stein on the other hand argues in his book The History of India that the British did do their share to improve the economy and sustain development. They helped improve the infrastructure of the country and introduced which boosted Indias export effort. Although the view of imperialist is that colonialism let a modern state. Tirthankar Roy in Economic History and Modern India Redefining the Link, invoke that it came at a cost (Roy 2007 109). The Indian economy s uffered under the British rule because of the exploitation by foreign capital and noninterventionist stance of the Indian government (Roy 2007 109).Indian EconomyThe Indian economy is slowly fetching hold of, the worlds attention with its extraordinary economic performance Bureau (2009) sees India as a Caiged Tiger, which is growing at a slower rate than Chinas economy, but n wholenesstheless is growing at a rapid speed. The growth in Indias economy is due to India having a very successful IT service industry and the large amount of speaking young demographic. India is walking away from the record it had in the 1950s, as the leader of the third world to a potential future leader of the world (Charlie Rose Interview 2006). Rajadhyaksha (2006) wrote The Rise of India, in which he thinks Indias economy have further potential for growth. He analysis the new changes in Indian policy, consumer behaviour, demography, and financial grocerys. agree to Rajadhyaksha (2006) these significan t changes will aid Indias economic growth as it embarks on a locomote to contend with other countries.Economic Development HistoryOn the eve of the industrial revolution India was the second largest economy in the world, contributing more than 20% of come world output. By the 1970s after devil centuries of relative economic stagnation, that share had fallen to 3%, the lowest in its recorded history (Poddar and Yi 2007 4). Poddar and Yi (2007), argues that this was a post-industrial economic decline and an effect of historical aberration, driven by a lack of openness and fore persuasion (Poddar and Yi 2007 4) due to Jawaharlal Nehru favoring a Fabian socialist society rather than the record neo liberal. India was described to follow the Hindu rate of growth after the emancipation in 1947, this was because of the decades of low rate of growth, due to the reforms undertaken by the relation back government in eighties resulted in growth which was fragile and unpredictable and f inally ended with a balance of payments crisis (Financialexpress.com 2005). Poddar Yi (2007) person responsible for write the Goldman Sachs report 2007, explain how the subsequent reforms in 1991, integrating India into the global economy and remove obstacles that pr horizontalted economic growth. India is now noticed as one of the rapid growing economies in the world.Crises of 1991 and the consequent ReformsThe reforms instigated by the finance minister in the Narasimha Rao government of 1991 Manmohan Singh, were seen as waking a sleeping giant (Singh 1985 407), according to Cohen (2001). The reforms were instigated because of the balance of payment crisis India faced in 1991, that threatened to crumble the Indian economy because the foreign provides were so low that they could not even maintain two weeks of imports. Due to the 1991 reforms, Indias semi- socialist, closed economy made a transition towards a open economy and private Indian and planetary investment. Cohen (2001) agrees with Nayar (1998) on the issue that the balance of payments crisis led to a requirement in investment, labour legislation and opening of the economy. I agree with Cohen (2001) and Nayar (1998) that reforms of 1991 that happened because of the crisis, influenced the rise if the Indian economy from a sluggish, stagnant economy to a rapidly growing one, India found a new sense of enthusiasm and confidence.Pre 1991 GrowthAlthough the crisis of 1991 is very much(prenominal) said to be the trigger for Indian economic reforms and economic growth, Rodrick Subamanian (2004) count that the productivity surge and economic growth started steadily in the 1980s a decade before the 1991 reforms. Rodrick Subamanian (2004) put forward an argument of a changing mind-set on part of the government in the 1980s, from a more socialist society to a more liberal one who favors the private sector. This significant shift, according to Rodrick Subamanian (2004) was led by Indira Gandhis Congress Party. However they do state that attitudinal change was grounded primarily in political calculation, and not in a desire to enhance the efficiency of the economic administration (Rodrick and Subamanian 2004 24). Kohli (1989) also supports Rodrick Subamanians view and states ideology of the leadership rather than the nature of regime organization, it is a key determinant of economic policy choice leaders will push an economic program of their choice (Kohli 1989 305). Rodrick Subamanian (2004) continue to argue that policy changes in the early 80s and then internal liberalization in the mid 80s was the catalyst to the huge economic growth that we see in India today.Future GrowthPurushothaman and Willson (2003) think that Brazil, Russia, India and Chian becoming a much larger force in the world economy (Purushothaman and Willson 2003 1) over the next 50 years. Purushothaman and Willson (2003) analyzed the gross domestic product growth, income per capita and currency movements in the Indian economy until 2050. Kakodkar (1998) expresss that with improvements to the infrastructure, clearer policies, India will become increasingly attractive to investors. This potential, according to Luce (2007), has been largely cadaveric because of the caste form that has shaped Indian society for several thousands of years. He suggests that the factors, which would allow the realisation of Indias potential, are by the encouragement of democracy, education and empowerment.Chapter forgeChapter peerless IntroductionThis chapter will be a short establishment to the dissertation and question. How was Indias economy effected by colonization and whether effects of colonization are still being felt today?Chapter Two Economy Under the British Colonial ruleIn the second chapter will introduce a brief history of the Indian Economy under colonial rule and what the British did in the sub- true. The focus will not be placed on the economy as a total instead it will concentrate o n specific parts of the economy which are considered most important, such as trade, investment and the infrastructure.Chapter Three progress to EconomyThe third chapter will discuss the Indian economy after Independence from British colonialism. It will look at the economy from 1957 to 1991 when it was a semi socialist economy to its shift towards a market economy in 1991. once more emphasis will be placed on trade, growth rates and infrastructure.Chapter Four- What colonialism did for India?Chapter four will discuss the effects of colonialism on the Indian economy and society. It will look at the benefits and detriments India suffered during colonial rule. Again only certain aspects of society and economy will be analysed.Chapter quintette Waking the sleeping giant Economy of India TodayChapter five will focus on Indias economy after 1991 till the impart day and beyond. Whats more, it will continue to examine what are the key factors of economic growth, sustainability and the constraints.Chapter sextuplet DiscussionThe discussions chapter will focus on the three aspects of research methods employ in this dissertation, the analysis of the questionnaire, discourse analysis on a voice communication by the British to justify colonial rule in India and the reading from literature.Chapter Seven ConclusionIn the final chapter will conclude the research question and evaluate the outcome of the research.Chapter Two, Indian economy under colonial ruleResearch question What was Indias economy like under colonial rule?In 1757 the British East India Company established its ascendence in Bengal and well-nigh 100 years later, in 1858 the British backsheesh took over Indias princely states. To understand Indias economy under British rule, which lasted nearly two decades one has to take into account why the British conquered India in the startle place. For western empires colonization was a way of expanding their territory, their purpose was doubtless economic and then resulting to political expansion. India was seen as the horticulture mother of Asia and the industrial workshop of civilisation (Singh 1970 16). The British quickly realized that India had great resources of wealth and raw materials that would benefit them financially thus slowly increased their hold of the sub incorrupt, which led to the war of 1857 that paved the way for full British colonization of Indian Princely states.Indias economic structure pre colonization was one of oriental despotism, which napricted its industrialization and development. Indias custom of the caste system precludeed modernisation of the economy because of the peculiar position of the artisan in the Indian village (Stokes 1973 139). When the British colonized India they became the ingredient of economic modernization and wanted to deliver the goods a monopolistic trading position (Maddison 1971 35). Indias predisposed socio economic order was greatly influenced by the market forces, industr ial competition and modernization advance by the modern imperial state. Indian economy was integrated into the world economy as a result of British colonization.India began trading with the world long before colonization took place in the sub continent, tho trade began to grow exceedingly fast in the late eighteenth century as the result of the Charter subroutine of 1813, which gave Indias trade a major boost compared to modern standards. A rapid growth in trading started from 1800 till the beginning of the First World fight. Tirthankar Roy measures Indian trade by the contribution of foreign trade (or exports) to national income (Roy 2000 32). In India during the late 18th century and early 19th century the national income (at present value against 1968 as base rate (index)) was 1.5 % per annum and the growth rate during 1868 and 1913 of imports and exports was 4-5 %. The component of imports and exports was escalating rapidly throughout the 19th century. Despite the escalatio n of foreign trade, nationalists argue that the British colonization of India in fact hindered Indias economic growth. Angus Maddison (1971) proposed that the British were automatic to assist with the Indian economic development as long as it did not diverge away from their own economic interests. For example the British colonial rule exercised a free trade policy in India, which meant that all British imports came into India without any duty paid on goods and when a small tariff was necessary for Indias revenue purposes, the British in turn compel equivalent excise duty on Indian products to prevent them gaining a competitive advantage (Maddison 1971 39). Maddison (1971) continues to argue that if India had been politically independent, her tax structure would probably have been different (Maddison 1971 39) and the trade turnover much higher, for display case Brazils Import revenue was 21% of trade turnover, whereas Indias revenue was only 2.2% in the 1880s. Some academics estim ate that the net transfer of capital from colonized India to Britain was 1.5% of the total GNP of the sub-continent. The trade policies that the British imposed on India were tools of exploitation and a ploy to force its manufactures on India and crush domestic industry (Basu 2006).Initially, India was a feudal society yet British colonization of India institutionalized its society and transformed its agricultural industry. It introduced property rights resembling the unencumbered private property characteristics of Hesperian capitalism (Maddison 1971 45) and collected land revenue in the form of taxes imposed on the husbandmans and peasants. During the first one-half of British colonization of the sub- continent the agriculture industry grew, firstly in order to feed the growing population and secondly to export other countries that demanded the cotton, teas, and opium that India produced. From the tip of 1860 to 1880 the demand for cotton grew considerably and for a some years the value of cotton exports was more than half of the value of all exports (Desai 1969 21). It suggests that in 1859 the price of cotton per lb was 2.7, however as the export grew to 14 lakhs of bales, so did the price pre lb to 11.5. hence the demand for such goods meant that India was leading to commercialization and entering the world economy. besides this prosperity did not last. From the period of 1895 to 1914 India suffered from two ruthless famines, which were an amalgamation of infixed causes and administrative failures. Yet the British did in this period, also try and introduce new reforms, they established a famine relief policy that include the expansion of irrigation and better infrastructure. The Indian agriculture industry went into decline from the period of 1930 to 1940 Desai (1986) suggests that this decline was due to the great depression and provincial autonomy. The depression, which was felt in all through the world, lowered agriculture prices in India hence led to a decline in farmers income however their responsibilities to the government remained the same, they still had to pay taxes on the land, etc. The second World War increased the shoot down on the farmers as the demand for agricultural goods on the world market declined and the exports of jute, cotton and groundnut fell to half or less in three or four years (Desai 1986 26). In spite of this the demand for food crops increased India supplied food crops to Western Asia and the increase in the equipoise of the military meant that consumption increased.Due to the increase in trade and some slight advances in agriculture the British colonization of India helped established a system of centralized of governance and amalgamated the administration of India, they improved the governing of the states, security of life and property (modern source book), and in addition to this the British also improved the infrastructure of the sub- continent. They invested in repair, enlargement and unification of superannuated irrigation systems (Roy 2000 46) as it was the most straightforward way of increasing yields of agriculture, helping the farmer that would in turn result in more revenue for the government, and help prevent further famines. However they procured returns for their investment to the irrigation from increasing revenue charged on irrigated land and on water rates.The British also invested hard in the Railway industry in India, they considered it an important investment as it increased the volume of trade in the sub-continent and improved Indian social conditions. The railways helped promote the agriculture exports, it made the export of large sums of raw materials easier and provided seamy transport. The British thought of themselves as saviors of the Indian people spreading western civilization (MacPherson 1955 177). The first railway tracks were laid in 1853 under the counselor Dalhousie and by 1869 5,000 miles of tracks had been laid down. From the 1 880s onwards the railway construction took on a new life and by 1910 India had the 4th largest Railway system in the world which cost the Indian people 50 million, however MacPherson (1955) argues that 95 million was invested into Indian railway by British companies. According to Desi (1969) the railway industry was built not to benefit the Indian economy but instead their own. During the First World War the British employ the Indian railway to meet the demands of their own country, the Second World War incapacitated the Indian railway system as moved the rains to the center(a) East and the railway workshops were renovate to weapons workshops.Up until 1835 the Indian sub-continent did not have a universal currency, which is needed in a modern state. The Act of 1835 introduced India to the silver rupee, which was to be the legal tender of the sub- continent. In 1861 the paper currency act was launched, this Act enabled the government to issue paper notes, this followed the English currency principle, that there must be a full metallic reserve above a certain amount (Desai 1969 226). The circulation of this tender began to grow slowly when confidence developed and there was more education (Desai 1969 227). Banking in the sub- continent can be seen in two dimensions, the formal and informal sector. Roy (2000) puts forward the idea that the formal sector of the banking industry four constituents, the exchange banks, mutual impart banks, presidency banks and the cooperate credit societies. The informal sector were not legally accepted as banks, however they dealt with credit transactions in agriculture and small-scale industry in the forms of loans given to by employers or merchants to actual producers against work in progress (Roy 2000 202). The modern bank system stabilized the sub- continent however there were still failures in the system, from 1913 to 1925 some 180 banks collapsed, this according to Desai (1969) was due to inexperience, incompetence and ev en fraud (Desai 1969 241).The British did not introduce the education to India nonetheless they did promote education hard amounts the population. By the beginning of the 19th century the British made English he official business language of the sub- continent. According to Sanne (2003) the British wanted people in India to be English in mind, but with Indian bodies (Sanne 2003 12) and gave assistance to a more extended and systematic promotion of general education (Lyer 2004 14). According to Roy (2002) British investment played a major role in shaping the education system in India. By the end of 1901 there were approximately 14,000 colleges in India, there were a few universities in Mumbi, Kolkata and Madras. Sanne (2003) continues to suggest that British education in the sub- continent create a vast amount of highly educated elite as well as a huge amount of semi educated, low paid, English speaking subordinate (Sanne 2003 12).The telecommunicate was also something that that Br itish introduced to the sub- continent that indirectly shaped its economy at the time and in the post- colonial period. Roy (2000) states that the wire was a vital military tool in the rebellions and wars of appropriation (Roy 2000 268), and by the mid 1900s there was rapid growth in the telegraph industry, from 0.38 million Rs in 1858 to 26.34 million Rs in 1921. Roy (2000) also claims that the British linked the Postal service in the sub-continent in the wake of migration and money orders. One could hardly live without the other (Roy 2000 267). Roy (2000) continues and states that there was a prefatorial postal service in India in the pre-colonial periods however it really took off when post offices were opened in semi rural areas. The postal service and the telegraph created jobs for many semi educated indigenous people in India and also bridged the gap of communication in the huge country.British colonization of India also changed the legal structure of the sub- continent. A ccording to Cohn (1961) pre- colonial India did not have one legal system but multiple systemswhich differed from place to place (Cohn 1961 614). They had the world power law and the Hindu law to follow, however British colonization of India unite the legal system of the sub- continent and established civil courts in 1818.oer all during the British colonization of the Indian sub-continent they contributed to the economy in many ways. They set up a currency system, which was still in place in India up until recently. Introduced the sub- continent to the telegraph system, which connected the country to the rest of the world. It reformed the Indian agrarian society, increased trade through the improvements in the infrastructure. The railways, that British started build nearly 1750 years ago, have now grown into the largest railway system in the world under a single management in the world. Colonialism also commercialized the Indian economy and was an agent for modernization, for a fe udal society. These contributions cannot be ignored. When India gained its independence from the British in 1947, it had the basic interments for economic growth in place.Chapter Three, Developing economy after IndependenceResearch question What was the Indian economy like after independence?After India gained its independence from British colonialism in 1947, its economy was stagnant compared their confrere Commonwealth counterparts such as Malaysia who experienced an increase in their GDP growth post British Colonialism. Amartya Sen claims that many estimates suggest that a levelheaded economic decline took place during the last decades of British rule (Basu, Sisson 1986 28). following(a) Indias Independence the first Indian Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru followed an economic policy of Fabian socialism and self-reliance. Under Nehrus leadership The Planning Commission was set up to guide the newly independent Indian economy to follow the semi socialist economic model. The com mission was set up to increase life story standards of Indians through using Indian resources, boost production and enhance employment. However these policies had an adverse affect on the economy because they hindered international trade, constructed inefficient industries and it pure(a) the private sector and economy with regulations and red tape.British colonization left India with some resources to modernization, according to Williamson (2006) it had the oldest capitalist institutions in Asia, such as the stock exchange. Post- colonial India had a contradictory economy it had the institutions in place that should have on paper made it a strong economic system in Asia. It had manufacturing industry although it was very weak. It had a railway industry that was one of the largest in Asia, however in was in disrepair. The Indias economy was had many burdens that stagnated the economy and hindered its growth. Along with the independence of India came the partition of the sub- contin ent, which according to Rothermund (1986) was a reason for the troubled economy of the time. The national planning commission of India wanted to kick start the economic growth of the country and came up with the Five Year Plans.These plans were guidelines to accept economic activity within the existing economic and social frameworks (Epstein 1973 243). The first Five Year plan was launched in 1951 by Professor Mahalanobis who embraced the Soviet two sector model, and desired to invest 35 billion rupees 20 billion rupees into the public sector and 15 into the public (Rothermund 1986 133) with an intention of increasing national income by 11%. By 1956 India had invested 31 billion rupees into the two industries and exceed national income more than 11% set by the Plan. throughout this period Indias industry grew at an average rate of 4.1% however the economy went into decline through th

Performance In Sime Darby Plantation SDN BHD

Per pulpance In Sime Darby plantation SDN BHDThis chapter foc social occasions on the underlying overview of the seek background and conundrums that atomic number 18 transpired from the investigator interest in ontogeny a Final Year Thesis. This chapter to a fault defines the target beaives as the worry of this growing that would like to be achieved and also the limitation and celestial orbit that substructure action as guidance to guarantee the reading volition be realised within the m and schedule pr hotshot.BACKGROUND OF THE COMPANYSime Darby Berhad is the largest conglomerate in Malaysia and whizz of the largest in Southeast Asia. Its broadly diversified activities include a wide range of industries, with the core businesses being plantations (including oil colour laurel and the confederations verit adequate business, rubber), tire manufacturing, heavy equipment and motor vehicle distribution, property development, power generation, and technology servi ces. Other business operations include paint manufacturing, refrigeration yield manufacturing, travel and tourism services, hospitals, and golf courses.Sime Darby Plantation is the plantation and agri-business arm of the Sime Darby Group, representing oneness of the five core Divisions of the Group. The Division is involved in oil palm cultivation and downstream activities, agribusiness and food, as well as seek Development (RD).The merger of Sime Darby Berhad, Golden Hope Plantations Berhad and Kumpulan Guthrie Berhad ( be intimated on 27 November 2007) establishes Sime Darby Plantation as one of the worlds largest palm oil producer, producing roughly 2.4 million tones or 6% of the worlds crude palm oil (CPO) output annu e realy.As an integrate plantation company, Sime Darby Plantation is involved in the full spectrum of the palm oil value chain. The Divisions downstream operations is represented in 9 countries that is to say Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam, Japan, Ch ina, Germany, United Kingdom, Bangladesh, South Africa, United genus Arab Emirates, The Netherlands, Brazil, Canada and the United States of America. It is involved in the manufacturing and distribution of oils and fats products, oleochemicals and palm oil-based biodiesel. Alongside oil palm, the Division is also involved in agri-business activities and the cultivation of rubber.Today, Sime Darby Plantation is proud to be the pioneer in winnerfully sequencing assembled and an nonated the oil palm genome. With this breakthrough the company stands on the brink of discovering a super palm that forget revolutionize the industry.Now, Sime Darby Plantations is located at Ara Damansara, Selangor. It consists of several departments such as Human election Departments, Administration Departments, applied science Departments, Marketing Departments and Corporate Communication Departments. at that place is 450 staff estimated arrive at in Sime Darby Plantations and this exclude staff that school at estates and mills. withal that, the Human Resource Departments are divided into several building blocks such as Learning and endowment Development, Employee Eng advancement and Employer Branding, Industrial Relations, Benefits and Rewards, Recruitment, and Talent and Per defecateance.BACKGROUND OF THE STUDYNowadays, many transcriptions work surd to be supremacy in the future and it has to realize that groupwork is re exclusivelyy chief(prenominal) because it is the elbow room the employees value and respect individu every last(predicate)y early(a). According to Williams and Castro (2010), a group is defined by its unity of spirit, identity as a social structure, and fellow members shared responsibility for outcomes. Teamwork is an central aspect of maintaining the self-sustainability of organisational exertion.Teamwork could pick out the police squad up members and also governances to be further and success in the future. This is potently agreed by W illiams and Castro (2010) where squads are considered an classical ingredient for organisational success since they every last(predicate)(a)ow for rapid training exchange and extendd responsiveness. Further to a greater extent, police squadwork is regarded merely as one aspect of the new forms of work organization and as an important component of blue carrying into action work organization. Recent get wind shows that organizations frequently rely on squadwork for continuous improvement of their products and services, and also of all separate organisational functions (Judeh, 2011).There are small number of look intoes were conducted on groupwork. So, in this search account advancedlights the importance of police squad upwork in organizations performance especially in Sime Darby Plantation Sdn Bhd. interrogation training uses model of organization performance to sweep up out the effect of teamwork, curbing, and team send and parley expressive room on o rganization performance and also get wind the human relationship betwixt employee teamwork in organization performance.Teamwork is fathern in this study as an in strung-out varying (I.V), whereas organisational performance is taken as hooked changeable (D.V). confused other measures of organizational performance are also included in the research study, which are attractionship, team pull and communication style.PROBLEM didacticsThere are both(prenominal)(prenominal) factors that consider employees not working as a team and these result be reasoned in this study. There are time that problem arises when employees crowd outnot complete their task probably because of no teamwork being utilizeed. Some organizations did not routinely used teamwork in their organization. They are more likely to work by themselves or move solely in their task. Sometimes it works for manyone who is comfortable with but some of them are not. This is because if one someone did a mistake, i t may affect all of the team.In defining the problem dictation, the tec had identified several variables that contribute to the leadership, team trust and communication styles among staff at Sime Darby Plantation. so, from that it impart incline or affect to the teamwork among staff.The first factor that talent affect employees when not working as a team is leadership itself. attractership involves when thither is a relationship in the midst of superior and their employees. In Sime Darby Plantation, most superior able to lead their team, but the problem is some of them using an approach that is not suitable or accept by employees.As an employee, they engage to follow their superior style either they like it or not in pronounce for them to complete their job task. This leadership style bathroom be lump or informal. Some of them use formal but there also superior use informal style even though in office. So this formal and informal styles sometimes been accepted by their em ployee and some of them are not. Moreover, as a team leader they should discover to accept and appreciate team members ideas so that, their ideas crapper be accepted by others too.Moreover, team trust potentiometer also be one of the factors that affect employees not working as a team. Trust is important to develop cooperation among employees. Development of trust within the organization is the responsibility of individualistics. Cooperation of the team members can notwithstanding be created when trust comes to be most important value of the team culture. Other than that, from the detective observation, there are accepted of the employees fail to gain trust from their team members in hunting lodge for them to complete the job task. So this can give a problem that might arise later.Furthermore, having a correct communication style either formal or informal among employees can be one of the factors that affect employees not working as a team. Communication can improve coopera tion between employees and superior also. A reason why employees did not break teamwork in their task is because of poor communication among them.Having good communication can business employee to complete their task successfully and this could lead to organizational performance. Based on researcher observation, sometimes there are redundant information prominent by team leader and these occur because of information overload. Frequently, now they say A, tomorrow they said B and later they said C. So, from this the employees dont know which order they should follow. At the end, the task cannot be completed within the time given because of poor communication between superior and employees.Assuming that there is teamwork in the organizations, employees and top wariness can gain advantage from it. Therefore, teamwork go forth be profitable to overcome these problems in the future.RESEARCH QUESTIONThis research pass on look the relationship of independent and dependent variable between leadership, team trust and communication styles with the factors that affect the teamwork on organizational performance at Sime Darby Plantation. This research is designed to explore how the factors of teamwork on organizational performance can be influenced by these three factors.Whether leadership affects teamwork on organizational performance?Whether team trust affects teamwork on organizational performance?Whether communication style affects teamwork on organizational performance?RESEARCH OBJECTIVEThe principle commit of this research is to investigate the relation between teamwork of the staff with organization performance. The precise aims are as followsTo determine whether leadership affects teamwork on organizational performance.To severalize whether team trust affects teamwork on organizational performance.To determine whether communication style affects teamwork on organizational performance.1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDYThe study used ingest rule in order to complete the research and focuses on the factors that affect teamwork on organizational performance at Sime Darby Plantation Sdn Bhd. The sampling method is the process of selecting items from the population, so that the sample characteristics can be generalized to the population. Besides that, the researcher leave focus on identifying the relationship between teamwork, leadership, and team trust and communication styles.A total of 230 questionnaires will be distributed to all selected respondents in discordant departments at Sime Darby Plantation Sdn Bhd. All of the departments have high potential to involve in teamwork and they have more task to be completed and problem to be solved. The staff is selected randomly regardless of their department, level, age and many more including trim down level, middle level and high level.There are many factors that influence to the teamwork, however, for the purpose of study the researcher has still focus on three factors including leadership, team trust and communication styles in order to determine the relationship between variables that affect organizational performance.1.7 deduction OF THE STUDYSeveral parties will gain benefits from the outcome of this project. Among parties are1.7.1 To the Supervisors/LeaderThis research is design to identify the effects of teamwork towards the organizational performance. The seeings will religious service the supervisors or leader to development the performance through leadership and benefactor strategically maintain the growth and success of the projects. By having a good relationship with their staff can make the teamwork naturally involved each time they want to complete the job task. From this, it can reduce as many problems that might occur in their task and avoid a redundant activity each time they want to complete their job.1.7.2 To the EmployeesThe research is managed to evaluate or determine the level of teamwork of the staff. From the result it may identify whether the s taff is agree on the power of teamwork which may deal a great development for the company or not. From that also, it will help them to find out what are the best solutions that they can take and make some improvement form it. It also can help the employees to have a good perception towards others by having a trust and build a good relationship among them. From this, it can give a benefit to all of them.1.7.3 To the Industry/OrganizationThis research helps Sime Darby Plantations Sdn Bhd to identify their employees feedback towards the effects of teamwork on the organizational performance. The finding later can help the organization in ways to develop their performance in order to be in store with other develop company. It also will help the organization to structure and change the styles and system that they used before this and this will contribute the organizations in several theoretical and managerial ways. By having a good teamwork in organization, it can help them achieve th eir desired goal and also one-year or long term objective.1.7.4 To the Researcher with this research, the researcher will gain experience on the issues of this study which is the effects that will influence teamwork on organizational performance. The research also will know how to implement the teamwork among their staff at the workplace and make harmony workplaces. Furthermore, this research will facilitate other researcher to use it as a rule of thumb or reference in order to make their research potently. This study also gives a clear vision for a researcher as a guideline to produce a good research in the future using appropriate steps in research methodology.1.8 presidential term OF THE REPORTThis report is organized into five chaptersChapter 1 IntroductionThus chapter provides the general introduction to the research topic and its issue. It is firstly started with the background of the company where the research conducted. Then, the researcher introduced the topic with the background of the study and then discuss about the problem statement. This chapter also discuss about the problem statement. This chapter also discuss about the research question, research objectives, its significant of the study and scope of the study. Moreover, this chapter also outlines the limitation of the study that the researcher has to face it to complete this study.Chapter 2 Literature ReviewThis chapter would discuss about the previous findings by the various authors on the issue of teamwork and the factors that influence to the teamwork on organizational performance at Sime Darby Plantation Sdn Bhd. The factors that influence to the job stress such as leadership, team trust and communication styles. The theoretical role model and the hypothesis of this study were create as a guided from the literatures.Chapter 3 Research MethodologyFrom this chapter, the researcher would explain about the information collection that the researcher use on this study. It is also discusse d about the research design that consists of purpose of this study, types of this study, study setting, unit of digest, and time horizon. Besides that, the researcher also includes the information sampling that the researcher uses in this study, as well as the instrument this study use and also the data analysis techniques.Chapter 4 result and discussionIn this chapter described about the analysis of data findings of the research that were gathered from the value with the various departments at Sime Darby Plantation. It presents complete results and analysis of the study in the form of figures, tables or text so that researcher would highlight the key information.Chapter 5 Conclusion and RecommendationFor this chapter, discuss about the conclusion, the key of findings are summarized concord to the research objectives in this chapter. The researcher would discuss about the result and some recommendations regarding to the issue also be included in this last chapter.CHAPTER 2LITERA TURE REVIEW2.0 INTRODUCTIONThis chapter contains the reexamination of the literature the effort through with(p) by other researchers that have a significant in the development of this research. A literature check can be in form of journals, articles, bulletins or theses. This publications can be in various sources and widely functional via the Internet.2.1 DEPENDENT VARIABLE2.1.1 Teamwork and Organizational exploitAccording to Gomez and Rohrer (2011), a team is defined as a group of two or more people who communicate and overconfidently influence each other and agree the job task to be accomplished with an objective and reason for the success of organization. Team helps people to corporate, enhance individual skills, give feedback and reduce remainder occurred between individuals. As a team member, they have to learn how to work with other members and go steady that one is different, unique and have more knowledge and power that can be channeled in a supportive way (Gomez Rohrer, 2011).Teamwork is an important feature for smooth functioning of an organization. Most organizational activities give out difficult due to development in technology therefore teamwork is a heart of many organizations. Gomez and Rohrer (2011) said that, when a teams work hard and seize something great, they will have a sense of pride for their team and be motivated to do it again, because they know their role will be metrical important and essential by top managers as well as all employees in the organization.Furthermore, working together as a team to create specific performance objectives helps transforming teams form groups of persons into committed groups (Khalid Al-Rawi, 2008). However, if teams vanish, employees will no longer have an essential and important role to play in their organization but instead work just to get a wages (Gomez Rohrer, 2011). other study mentions that team should be an element of an organization that builds upon itself. It fosters an appreci ation of each individuals talents and the input they can make to their organization (Gomez Rohrer, 2011). This statement is also agreed by Judeh (2011) where team effectiveness is important because it is apply of the most important determinants of the companies achievement. Gomez and Rohrer (2011) reported that the responsibility of the teams will play in an organization will be viewed as priceless and vital of the organizational success.When teamwork is linked to the organization, members chat about team performance in relationship to corporate priorities, and quality measures. When teamwork has developed strong relation among members, peer get manifests itself in many ways Moreover, a number of organizational benefits can result from the victorious use of sourcing teamwork, and the highest perceived benefit is the skill to bring greater knowledge and skills together at one time (Khalid Al-Rawi, 2008).Organizations that tittup their staff by implement the teamwork system will ma ke them chop-chop learn to work with others to complete their job task. At the end, each of them will value their capability and as a member of a team (Gomez Rohrer, 2011). Khalid Al-Rawi (2008) state that the main goals of teamwork are to develop an organization whose teamwork member does not reveal allegiance to team process feces significant vault if it attempts the broad use of cross-functional productivity and motivation.H1 Teamwork has significant positive effect on organizational performance.2.2 INDEPENDENT VARIABLES2.2.1 Leadership towards Organizational PerformanceAccording to Liu, Wang and Cao (2011), leadership is best characterized as a social influence process. Each team in an organization must have a mentor who is not compulsory a supervisor but someone who is expert in teamwork to guide the team (Gomez Rohrer, 2011). In the face of complicated and complex projects leaders, managers, and team leaders have to deal with a wide range of people, including sponsors, te am members, consumers, suppliers and internal department heads, all of who, often have conflicting goals and competing priorities (Gomez Rohrer, 2011). Khalid Al-Rawi (2008) argues that an effective supervisor must keep up a teams focus on its task while establishing positive relations with team members.Meanwhile, previous research indicates that leader behaviors main result on team performance is very weak when considering the external surroundings of the team (Liu, Wang Chao, 2011). Without a respect from team members, a leader can lose the ability to effectively lead and efficiently deal with their team. When there is respectful from leader and team members, it can make an easier for them to do what is asked and able to communicate (Gomez Rohrer, 2011). Most importantly, it is the responsibility of the fourth-year employees to teach new comers to have a clean heart for the organization succeed and become profitable.Furthermore, listening is one skill that each leader must hav e in order to help them in understand that it is an active action and requires work to master (Gomez Rohrer, 2011). In other direct of view, the team leader is directly in charge for inspiring this commitment from team members so as to enhance the team efforts in achieving the parking area goals (Judeh, 2011). According to Judeh (2011), he agrees that successful leader who is able to promote care and trust value find themselves with high standards that would affect organizations competitiveness.This is important because as a team leader you are going to work with employees of all ages, races, backgrounds and education levels (Gomez Rohrer, 2011). Furthermore, a team leader should guide their team members to increase their efforts and focus their commitment towards the goals of the team (Judeh, 2011). While Liu, Wang and Cao (2011) had mentioned that the leader should motivate individual team members and also lead their team effectively.H2 Leadership has significant positive eff ect on organizational performance.2.2.2 Team Trust towards Organizational Performance.Another researcher had defined trust as the point to which a person has confidence of another person and is set to act based on the words, deeds and decision of other persons or and group in other view, trust in teammates is fundamentals for success (Mach, Dolan Tzafrir, 2010). They rig that trust in the supervisor is more closely related to work variables, while trust in top management is much more closely related to organizational variables due to the functioning versus more strategic role coaches and management play.In previous studies said that trust is the important trait to have in a team and when leader have a trust towards their team mates, the need for power becomes obsolete. According to the Mach, Dolan and Tzafrir (2010), trust is highly useful to the functioning of an organization. Organizational citizenship behavior, employee performance, open communication to the team objectives, te am performance and increased coordination become a link between trust and a variety of those work behavior. Moreover, the researcher feels that trust enhances organizational relationship by increasing the capability of group members to work together.Recent study found that, groups with higher levels of trust did not necessarily perform better than groups with lower levels of trust, thus it showed that trust influenced group process and performance indirectly. Moreover, trust can be said as an integral part of teamwork and this require high level of interdependence between members and generates synergy in the form of cooperation and interaction amongst team members (Mach, Dolan Tzafrir, 2010).H3 Team trust has positive effect on organizational performance.2.2.3 Communication Styles towards Organizational PerformanceAccording to Gomez and Rohrer (2011), teams are the central to the socializing of employees, particularly the new comers. Teams alter individual self-interest into an i mportant vision that can be used to build and maintain the vibrant organization. Furthermore, in a team all employees are socialized to become hard workers in their organization.However, when the new staff is timid and not tries to socialize or communicate with their teammates or other staff, they will become socially single out individuals and will not feel the sense of connectedness with their organization (Gomez Rohrer, 2011). Research has also reported that communication among team members, sharing of the workload, and high levels of cooperation will improve team effectiveness (Williams Castro, 2010).According to Williams and Castro (2010), communication among team member builds a positive team climate since it improves problem solving skills and social relations on the team. Ultimately, the more interdependent team members are with each other the more they should be able to realize outcomes related to teamwork as they build team efficacy (Williams Castro, 2010).Communicat ion is also a render that has been linked with numerous outcomes of groups and teams, such as with knowledge sharing, learning, reductions in time requirements and transaction costs and reduced redundancy (Clopton, 2011). According to Clopton (2011), communication or social capital can reduce the probability of opportunities and the cost of supervise while encouraging supportive behavior and facilitating the development of new forms of affiliation and innovation. In addition, social exchange relationships evolve and generate beneficial consequences when employers take care of employees. In this sense, the social exchange relationship is a mediator or intervening variable that produces effective work behavior and positive employee attitudes (Mach, Dolan Tzafrir, 2010).H4 Communication style has significant positive effect on organizational performance2.3 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKThe theoretical or conceptual framework is the foundation of hypothetical deductive research as it is the basis of the hypotheses that you will develop. It is a logically developed, described and elaborated network of associations among the variables deemed relevant to the problem situation and identified through such processes as interviews, observations and literature review (Sekaran, 2010).A theoretical framework represents your belief on how certain phenomena (or variables or concepts) are related to each other (a model) and an explanation of why you cogitate that these variables are associated with each other (a surmisal) (Sekaran, 2010). Theoretical framework elaborates the relationship among all variables independent and dependent variables. It explains the theory underlying these relations and describes the nature and direction of the relationship. From the theoretical framework, testable hypothesis can be developed to examine whether the theory formulated is valid or not.Based on literature review the conceptual framework is as follow(I.Vs) (D.V)Leadership(Gomez Rohrer, 201 1)Organizational PerformanceTeam Trust(Mach, Dolan Tzafrir, 2010)Communication Style(Williams Castro, 2010)Figure 2.3 Conceptual mannequin2.3.1 inconsistentThe theoretical framework shows the variables, which are independent variable and dependent variable. The variable is anything that can take on differing or varying set. The values can differ at various times for the same object or person, or at the same time for different objects or persons such as production and motivation.2.3.2 Dependent VariableThe dependent variable is the variable of primary interest to the researcher. The researcher goal is to describe and understand the dependent variable or to explain its viability or predict it. It is the main variable that lends itself for investigation as a viable act. Through the analysis of the dependent variable, it is possible to find solutions to the problems (Sekaran, 2010).Moreover, researcher will not only quantifies and measures the dependent variable but also explains o ther variables that influence this variable. For this purpose, it is shows that the dependent variable is important for the researcher to measures in this study which is the effects that will influence to the organizational performance.2.3.3 Independent VariableIndependent variable is one variable that influences the dependent variable in either positive or negative way. When the independent variable is also present, and with each unit of increase in the dependent variable there is an increase or strike in the dependent variable also. In this research, the theoretical framework is about the study indicates to determinant of leadership, team trust and communication styles.2.4 HYPOTHESIS venture is logically conjectured relationship between two or more variables explicit in the form of testable statement. Relationship conjectured on the basis of the network of associations formal in the theoretical framework formulated for the research study (Sekaran, 2010). A hypothesis can also b e referring as the thing that the researcher educate guess to solve the research problems in the organization. The hypothesis for this study as belowH1 There is a significant relationship between teamwork and organizational performance.H2 There is significant relationship between leadership and organizational performance.H3 There is significant relationship between team trust and organizational performance.H4 There is significant relationship between communication style and organizational performance.CHAPTER 3METHODOLOGY3.0 INTRODUCTIONThe previous chapters discussed related literature on Teamwork and the context of the present study. This chapter covers the research methodology and procedure undertaken in this study. This includes research framework, data collection, and development of research instruments, population, sample, sampling technique and data analysis. Results of a pilot study, the response rate and non-response bias of the main study are also discussed in this chapter. 3.1 STUDY VARIABLESThe research study was based on quantitative research technique. The study was conducted to investigate the effect of teamwork on organizational performance. During the research study, researchers interference was minimal, unit of analysis was individual and type of study was cross sectional. Questionnaires were distributed among the employees and their views had been taken. In this study collected data was uploaded on information processing system in SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) and normality of data was calculated.When the data was modify and got normal, then different statistical test were applied, on the data for analysis. Through that statistical analysis, correlation and regression of teamwork and organizational performance has been metric. In order to analyze the two variables teamwork and organizational performance, firstly descriptive analysis were measured and then correlation and regression was calculated between Dependent Variable (D.V) organizational performance and Independent Variable (I.V) teamwork, leadership, team trust and communication styles.3.2 DATA COLLECTIONThis research is relying on the data gather that can be obtained from either primary of secondary data. Both of the data encompasses all various type of information, which needed for the research purpose. In completing the study, both types of the data will be used.3.2.1 Primary DataPrimary data will be collected by researcher for specific purpose of deal with the research problem. Besides that, to solve the research problems, the data and information will be gathered through several ways. The primary data will be obtained through questionnaires that will be given t

The Issue Of Heavy Metals Contamination Environmental Sciences Essay

The spot Of Heavy Metals Contamination Environmental Sciences EssayRapid urbanization and industrialisation has led to increase disposal of tough metals and communicatenuclide into the environment. Heavy metals contaminant bother increase speedyly is due to the increasing of the industrialization. The key property of overweight metal is the non-biodegradable properties of the well-grounded metal ions. As metal ion persistent in nature it will re primary(prenominal) in the environment and poses environmental-disposal riddles (Leito, 2009). Among the pollution of pee supply sources, befoulments of heavy metal ions in water system argon the problem that gain a dangerous level (Regine and Volesky, 2000). The main sources of heavy metal ions contamination embroil the urban industrial aerosols, solid spoils from animals, mining activities, industrial and in addition agricultural activities (KarnikaAlluri et al,. 2007).Heavy metal is defined as element with amply weight, wh ich has the properties of a metallic substance at room temperature and is noxious or poisonous at minor concentrations. Heavy metal ions of charge include chromium, lead, mercury, silver, gold, zinc, arsenic, nickel, cadmium, uranium, selenium and mercury (Ahalya et al, 2003). Heavy metal ions screwing enter a water sources by industrial and consumer decamp, or even from acidic rain breaking down soils and releasing heavy metals into streams, lakes, rivers, and groundwater (Lenntech, 2009).These heavy metals feed gritty toxicity and impact as they basis ca uptake valet de chambre major wellness problem (Leito, 2009). Heavy metal ions be dangerous beca habituate it pitch to bioaccumulation. Bioaccumulation defines as an increase in the concentration of a chemical in a biological organism over time, compargond to the chemicals concentration in the environment. Compounds foregather in living things any time they be taken up and stored faster than they be broken down (m etabolized) or excreted (Lenntech, 2009). This is because these heavy metals evoke be carried into food web as a result of withdraw from water dumps or other polluted water sources. These metals and so will increase the metals concentration at every level of food chain and cause affect benevolent wellness (Paknikar et al, 2003). Even at low concentration, heavy metals whoremonger in addition causing human health problem. It can cause toxicity to human race and other forms of life.1.1 Aquatic and water sources pollutantsOne of the main causes of sedimentary heavy metal pollution is the red ink of the heavy metal ion containing industrial waste into water sources. This usually as a direct result of in strength treatment of the heavy metal remotion processes. Occurrence of aquatic pollutants (such as heavy metals) has been correlated to alterations in the slant immune system and the incidence of infectious diseases. Water bodies are cosmos overwhelmed with pollutant and wast e matter such as heavy metal. Among all the toxic substances dieing hazardous levels are heavy metals (Regine and Volesky, 2000). Even very low level of certain heavy metals can have pro demonstrate do upon the structure or even the functions of the immune system that could be or so as harmful as direct toxic doses (Saxena et al, 2009).The main threats to human health from heavy metals are associated with depiction to lead, cadmium, mercury and arsenic. Cadmium compounds are the by- intersection point that used in re-chargeable nickel-cadmium batteries. Cadmium will accumulate in living organisms and can cause several health problems in humans (Benguella and Benaissa, 2002). Cadmium emissions have increase dramatically during the 20th century, one fountain being that cadmium-containing products are rarely re-cycled, but often dumped together with family line waste. Therefore, measures should be taken to reduce cadmium exposure in the frequent population in order to minimize t he risk of adverse health effects.The other metal ion that should be concern is strapper. Unlike cadmium, copper is non toxic as cadmium, however extensive of copper used in industry and increasing the copper levels in the environment was a close for concern. Besides, the general population is primarily exposed to mercury through food, seek being a major source of methyl mercury exposure because of the major food source. The adverse effects of heavy metals on human health show in Table 1.0 (Hima et al., 2007).The best accepted election is to avoid the surmisal of polluting the water sources. Thus, the treatments of heavy metals contaminated water father to a greater extent important issues in this endeavour. To avoid health hazards is essential to postulate all these toxic heavy metals from wastewater before its disposal.Table 1.0 Types of heavy metals and their effect on human health.(Hima et al., 2007)1.2 Method for heavy metal remotionRecently, the efficient method of rem oval heavy metals has become important and concern for industry (Malik, 2004). They are various industrial processes for elimination of heavy metals. These industrial wastewater treatments is due to the process of chemical precipitation, membrane technologies, solvent extraction, backtrack osmosis, electrochemical treatment, ion exchange, evaporation recovery and as well as chemical oxidation-reduction (Leito, 2009). Physiochemical processes also use in heavy metals removal of water sources before the influents into congenital water system (Nars and Garima, 2004). However, all this methods have a major disadvantage which is difficult to handle and expensive processes. Besides, these methods frequently result in the disembarrass of toxic products and thus cause of secondary sources of environmental pollution problem (Leito, 2009). Most of the physiochemical process become less effective and more expensive when he metal concentration are in range of 1 to 100 mg/L (Nars and Garima, 2004). Another major problem is the faculty for removal of heavy metals in low concentrations and is inpower. It also produces other waste products that require careful disposal (Ahalya et al., 2003). Thus, a need for a apostrophize effective alternative technologies are important. In this case, microbial biomass has the high efficiency and option for developing an economic and eco-friendly waste water treatment process.Bioremediation can be defined as a biological process or treatment that used to clean up of hazardous chemicals. Bioremediation processes involve the use of microorganisms or even enzyme to return the environment back to its original condition. In recent years, rapid urbanization and industrialization has led the increase of heavy metals into environment. Hence, due to the environmental protection and economical constrain the need of bioremediation in removing and recycling of metal ions from industrial wastewater become more important.Bioremediation can be an eff ective method that can alter the ecosystem pollution. There are certain main advantages to bioremediation, in which other process cannot be reach easily. One simple case that can be view is the contamination of gasoline in underground water. By injection of the right microorganism, it whitethorn reduce the pollution concentrations after a period of time. The bioremediation is less expensive compared to other chemical cleaning processes.In recent years, certain raw(a) method was discovered in removing heavy metals from the water sources. It was found that fungus biomass would be an effective method in removing heavy metal ions in wastewater. This is because the business leader of fungi in absorbing metal ions would be more efficiency when it grow some condition or reach certain situation. real condition or pre-treatment can be use on to the fungous biomass to increase the efficiency in order to speed up the bioremediation process. In other words, the biosorption procedure are said to be easy to handle, safer, rapid process, and inexpensive for the pretreatment and trace metals separation in aqueous solutions (Say, 2003). However, many of these methods are ineffective. This resulting in low levels of heavy metal ion removal and can also be economically inefficiency (Ghimire et al., 2003). estimate 1.0 Schematic representation of biosorption procedure.(Hima et al., 2007)1.3 Biomass of FungusTo overcome the inherent metal ion pollution problem, all the removal of heavy metals from waste water must be highly effective. Thus the use of biomass was selected. The biomass has several advantages as heavy metal ion adsorbent over the commonly method and more efficient adsorbents and is a renewable source (Ghimire et al., 2002). Biomass often as the waste product from the industry processes. It is cheap and easily available product. Thus, according to the industrial perspective, heavy metal removal systems that are renewable and inexpensive are highly preferred by ind ustry and achieve the environmental perspective.A filamentous fungus is a member of large group of eukaryotic organisms which are variable in form, behavior and life cycle patterns that are separate as a kingdom that is separated from plants, animals and bacteria (Geeta Sumbali, 2005). There is the possibility that fungus has the ability to remove heavy metal ions to meet the discharge standards indispensable by federal regulations.Fungi can remove heavy metals and radio nuclides from the aqueous solution. Fungi can accumulate heavy metal and radionuclide species by physico-chemical and biological mechanisms. These methods include extra jail cellular binding by metabolites and biopolymers, binding to precise polypeptides and metabolism-dependent accumulation (Tobin, 1994). The transfer of metals from environment into the cell maybe accomplished by active transport associated with metabolic activities, but it is also a peaceful process metal uptake by the cell across the cell ram part. The cell-wall fraction of biomass plays an important role in the sorption of heavy metals. The potential of fungous biomass as biosorbent has been recognized for the removal of heavy metals from polluted water sources. delinquent to the negative charge from the different functional group, fungous cell walls can act as a cation exchanger (Fomina, 2007). The examples are phosphate, carboxylic, sulfhydryl or aminoalkane that was found in different wall components such as hemicelluloses, pectin and lignin (Fomina, 2007).The understanding that makes fungi biosorption become attractive is due to the possibility of obtaining large quantities of product without causing disposal problem and low cost. One example is the Rhizopus arrhizus, which are common for industrial exploitation due to its strong metal-sorbent properties. The amino groups of chitin were found to be a major site of thorium uptake in Rhizopus arrhizus.The cell wall of fungi typically containing long chain of chitin polymer, cellulose or contain both chitin and cellulose. Fungi cell walls are rich in glycoproteins and polysaccharides, for example the glucans, chitin, mannans and phospho-mannans. The chemical structure of a part of cell wall fungi was show in figure 1.0. Chitin polymers layer provide the profuse sources of metal ion binding ligands.The amino groups of chitin were found to be a major site of thorium uptake in Rhizopus arrhizus. The main chemical groups in a biomass which are able to uptake metal ions are the negative groups such as hydroxyl, sulfhydryl groups and amino groups. This is the main factor that causes the fungi biomasses have the ability to accumulate metal ion. The level of heavy metals absorption competency by various fungal species was show in table 1.1. catch 1.1 Schematic diagram representation of the outer cell layer of fungi.(Leito, 2009)Figure 1.2 Chemical structure for a part of chitin polymer.(Boya Volesky, 1999)Table 1.1 Heavy metals absorption capacity by various fungal species.(Narsi and Garima, 2005)1.4 Objective of this thesisThe main objective of this refresh is to present key of investigations related to the ability of fungal species as a suitable model organism to use in the process of eliminating heavy metal ions from contaminated water sources. In this review the removal of heavy metal ions such chromium, cadmium and copper from synthetic wastewater by a fungus biomass is presented. The design of an effective bioreactor for the removal of copper in aqueous solution is presented. The reactor was based on an aqueous system containing metal ions in solution. These reviews also include a report on the investigation of the effect that would affect the efficiency of fungal biomass in absorption metal ions. A study of factors that affect the efficiency of fungal biomass will provide a good industrial reference for the use of fungus in the removal of metal ion as a mean of protect the environment from heavy metal pollution.

Understanding Enterprise And Enterprising Skills Commerce Essay

Understanding Enterprise And Enterprising Skills Commerce set ab proscribedBeing industrious means to show opening night and a pass oningness to shorten young, often risky, projects. It is alike about having the brainpowerset and military position to problem solving. galore(postnominal) hatful think that an gumptious person is several(prenominal)virtuoso who runs their own avocation. However, adventurous people raft be foundin each walks of behavior, for font at your school, in sports and among TV celebrities. Someone who runs his or her own business is scarce one example of an enterprising person.In this essay, the following would be discussed what an owner-managed attemporary workert is and how to define it. Key set of clevernesss and behavior ingestd to be enterprising and the benefits of creation enterprising. I would also be sharing on my background and experience where I submit been enterprising.Definition of an owner-managed openingAn owner-managed en deavor is a business run by an individual. It can range from caterpillar track a simple barber in a neighbourhood region to managing a food store. Such businesses argon usually either a family run business or a business that does not require much man power. In my definition, an owner-managed initiative is one that can be a simple online merchandise seller to a provision store. on that point is one owner who either works for himself or has a a few(prenominal) workers under him. Owner managed enterprises atomic sum 18 also usually started by self-aspiring entrepreneurs who equal to rise up to the challenge and start a business or entity by themselves.3.0 Key skills and behaviour required to be enterprisingIn order to be enterprising, a certain set of skills and knowledge atomic number 18 required. An enterprising individual is eer known to be someone whom uses their initiative to identify new opportunities. They also tend to be modernistic and ar usually determined to c ontain through. They usually see opportunities in all aspects of life and be marked by imagination, ambition, energy and readiness to undertake new projects.In my opinion, enterprising requires the following qualitiesEnergyWorking hard, but also in a smart direction, is give away in entrepreneurship. Lots of some(prenominal) custodytal and physical energy is collected to be equal to(p) to represent all the challenges involved in providing solutions to issues and for the successful completion of projects. To sustain this energy, you need to stimulate your brains and all your senses, so that they all stay alert in identifying what needs to be through with(p) in unalike speckles.Need to achieveHave the motivation to achieve success and accomplish all the activities you acquire in is essential in being enterprising. A firm attitude and perceptiveness would allow and individual to work towards accept qualified results whenever you set out to do something. This approach one to work harder.Task orientedIn order to gain satisfying rewards, tasks install water to be well execute and completed on time. Efficiency, effectiveness and time management atomic number 18 weighty aspects that enable an individual to complete tasks. Being able to focus on results helps one to concentrate on any(prenominal) they set out to do.EmpathyYou are able to mentally put option yourself in the position of the person or persons you intend to influence. You want to feel what they are smack. You are able to put yourself in their shoes. In the case of a business enterprise you are able to imagine how a potential customer would feel.ResourcefulnessYou are able to provide the leadership and guidance needed to realize the enterprise. Identification, mobilization and effective utilization of both the physical and the non-physical resources needed in trade union movement a venture are very of the essence(predicate) in the enterprise process.PlanningTo be able to see the total pi cture of the enterprise in terms of why it should be set up, what needs to be done, how it go out be done, who leave behind do it and when it depart be done, it is needed to establish a written plan. This go out help to clarify the situation and permit decisions to be made as to whether to engage in activities that volition result in an enterprise being set up or not. In the case of business ventures, it is through planning that indication on whether there will be bread or losses will be made available.Risk-takingThe decision to go ahead and start the enterprise or undertake the activity must(prenominal) be made. All enterprising men and women make this decision and after they seduce done a certain amount of research, so that in the end they are usually able to achieve the results, succeed and receive the rewards. You will always have to take this first step, as it marks the difference mingled with enterprising and non-enterprising men and women. Success begins with the decision to star moving in the right and desired direction. knowledgeablenessThe ability to apply new ideas that will enable you to undertake activities differently is another hallmark of enterprising men and women. Through individual initiative, imagination, intuition and insight you will be able to change things around or devise ways of doing things to accommodate whatever new situation you whitethorn find yourself in. Information on different issues and fields is an important input for being progressive. Enterprising men and women hence place bully value on information and are always alert and constantly engaging in research.SkillsEnterprising men and women have the ability or know-how that enables them to undertake and complete activities. Most men and women have a certain amount of knowledge, attitudes and practical skills that can be reusable when realizing an enterprise. You should therefore evaluate the talents and level of skills you have and how they can be harness to realize an enterprise. Talents and acquired skills have to be constantly utilized otherwise they can also be forgotten and wasted.EnduranceThere are many another(prenominal) an(prenominal) challenges to be faced when trying to set up an enterprise. Women face item challenges, some of which are negative and discouraging. To ultimately realize the enterprise that will provide you with the rewards you desire, the ability to keep on track despite the many challenges along the way is critical. Patience, persistence and confidence are some of the attitudes you will need to adopt to enable you to endure the physical and mental challenges you whitethorn encounter.4.0 Outline some of the key areas drawing upon your background and experience to portray where you have been enterprising.Enterprising does not define to just be the dexterity to run a business. Being enterprising is a character skill that can be either is detected through everyday action. For example, as a young kid, I always had the love for sports and at that age, it was basketball. Upon senseless attempts at begging my parents for a ball, I realised that there was only one way to get what I wanted and that was on my own. As such, I started saving pocket money and not spend it on recess. This habit has cultivated a resourcefulness instinct in me. From managing to and bits from my recess money over a month and in the end attaining my finish then has led me to think before spending and see its worth. I call up it is enterprising as it given me the knack of identifying if a convergence is now worth its cost. For instance, when purchasing a pair of shoes, unlike people of my age group who look at two things that being the toll and the brand, I look at a few other things. The key things I look out for is if it can last long and if its stuff and nonsense and workmanship justify the price. Being resourceful has led me to start some business projects but however due to school and time constraints, I ha ve ended it. For one, I used to work as a events planner. As an events planner, to intrigue customers, I had to be innovative and creative and come up with new ideas from the decorating the event location to the itinerary. This was to be beneficial for me as the more I came up with, the more profits I would make. subsequently confirming their requests, I would find sublets of each individual requirement and reave it up to the one event. Although it did not give me a stable monthly income, it did not require me to have a capital but just required enterprising skills.These experiences have also given me the capacity to have a marketing and sales edge. Prior to school, I was working in an addressing firm as a technician. As sales engineers racked up money for bringing in sales, I wanted to try my go at bringing in sales while being a technician as well. I rang up friends and whomever I knew in the industry and managed to eventually get some contracts and deals. Although I was a tech nician only and a temp staff at that, I gained self-satisfaction with my expertness as I managed to achieve bigger things over time although slowly, but I entrust patience is also a vital factor in enterprising.5.0 What are the benefits of being enterprising for your in store(predicate) employment?As mentioned in surgical incision 4.0, enterprising has complemented me in all the types of work I have ventured in. In addition I believe I have the resourcefulness and capability of translateing scrap metal into something of more value like a sculpture.An enterprising person is someone who has an shopping mall for details and keeps his eyes open and mind active. It also requires one to be skilled enough, confident, and creative and near importantly disciplined enough to seize opportunities regardless of how bad the economy may be at the point.Importantly, I believe to be enterprising, it requires one to be resourceful. One is resourceful by using his own initiative to make the be st of things. By being resourceful, he automatically learns to be innovative and creative. With these two valuable skills in hand, it automatically leads to achievement.Upon graduation, I would be build up with a degree in robotlike design and manufacturing. In the aspects of manufacturing, one key aspect in this degree would be to be resourceful. Manufacturing requires great production in least time. As such, by being resourceful, the fellowship would be able to be thrifty and gain more profits as even by being able to have an eye for detail and change a minor thing, the company can lighten much as it would be amplified due to production rates.Having a mechanical engineering degree encompasses one to possess an eye for details. Engineering defines to transform creativeness into innovation. Having an idea and being able to visualize it and most importantly explode it and make it a reality is important and by being enterprising, one would have the means to find out ways to make this happen. I believe this attribute would be truly important for my future employer as he would definitely be able to market innovative products.Another important attribute of enterprising a mechanical engineer would require is to find out what you can before action is taken. This defines to be every prepared. Before engaging in a task, one must be prepared by doing all homework and research. Ensure all avenues have been checked so that he is ready.As mentioned above, creativeness is important but most importantly one requires courage to let the creativity flow. To see differently, I believe one requires courage. Courage is important in innovation as it gives one the ability to not follow master(prenominal) stream and take a part not taken before. As engineers, to decipher new innovations, courage is vital.Enterprising also defines to be seeing the future in the present. This would define one to find a way to take advantage of situations and not be buried by it. This would avo id laziness and keep one goal orientated. As engineers, in most companies, there are targets to be met on a yearly basis. By having this attribute, one can reach and if possible over hit this number to ensure maximized profits in an industry.Lastly, being enterprising doesnt just rival to the ability to make money. Being enterprising also means feeling good enough about yourself, having enough self-worth to want to seek advantages and opportunities that will make a difference in your future. This would ideally increase confidence, courage, creativity and self-worth. This defines the enterprising nature.In an engineering company, one must be able to encompass all these attributes to stand out and maximize a degree. Innovation and creativity is the key and enterprise naturally complements an idea. As such, I believe by encompassing these attributes, it would truly benefit my future employer.

Funeral Homes Studies: Overcharging

Funeral Homes Studies OverchargingRunning head FUNERAL HOMESAbstractThe overcharging of con rack upers by funeral shoess was investigated to confirm to consumers that they ar world rolld, and to place them some focuss to avoid creation overcharged. The goal was to show precisely when the funeral stands atomic number 18 winning improvement of the consumer, and to show that consumers study to be certain that funeral positions flummox water more than than one way of pickings prefer of them and overcharging them in gigantic amounts. The effects of this severe conundrum were determined by calculateing for over a law that has been drop in into place to subdue the crime, ship crumbal the crime is connected, and also an interview that was conducted to contact information on one of some alternatives to using the handed-d aver funeral supporter. in that respect be m each(prenominal) alternatives to the traditional funeral around lot just dont tell apart w here to learn ab push through with(predicate) them.Funeral Homes The Overcharging For Services and Distrust Behind ItIt is non liberal to lose a love one. In addition, it is non al ways easygoing for a individual to find forbidden how much it is going to terms them and their family to be regulate their love one the proper burial they deserve. During the epoch of sorrow, the family of the departed is not re all in ally concerned with the bells of the funeral, for all they be looking for is a proper burial or funeral ceremony for their love one. The cost of a typical funeral in the United States in 1983 was around $2,500.00 (Darmstadter, 1983). Solomon (n.d.) put ups that the fair funeral in the United States costs $6,500, according to the National Funeral Directors Association. The true sum can easily reach $10,000 once a burial plot, goers and opposite costs be included, the AARP understands. This price is from around 2004 consumers wish to be apprised that the prices argon steadily rising, and that if they dont watch out for those funeral inhabitations that try to educate more silver out of them, they could end up losing thousands more dollars than is indispensable to legislate on a funeral service.The crime of funeral offices taking benefit of consumers has been around for more years, and in 1984 The Funeral Rule was put into place in order to put a stop to it. On September 24, 1982, the FTC published a reigning kn testify in the federal Register as the Funeral Rule (Schwartz, Jolson, Lee, 1986). chthonian the Rule, the FTC mandates that funeral kinfolks allow customers to buy precisely those things they choose (Mark, n.d.). Many commonwealth do not overhear that during these quantify of vulnerability, the funeral home they save trusted the disturbance of their loved one with, could be taking advantage of them overcharging them for already pricy services. Funeral homes argon overcharging consumers trance they are suffer for the tone ending of a loved one.Funeral homes are overcharging consumers for their services. They are taking advantage of them while they are close to vulnerable in an emotionally distraught state as they are preoccupied in grieving for the loss of a loved one, and when they are in a zipper to plan a funeral for a explosive termination. Funeral homes sop up several ways of overcharging consumers, and deuce of the almost prominent ways they do this is by teaming up with hospice occupy centers and by quoting the wrong prices if they provide even repeat them at all.DiscussionTaking advantage of vulnerability.The funeral homes of the States take advantage of the bereaved when they are most vulnerable. One of the most common times that a funeral home ordain take advantage of the bereaved is when they are in the middle of grieving, stressful to arrange up a funeral while they are emotionally distraught. Schlozman and La Grand (1985) state that dying in a family is a someoneal, emotional experience that can reserve long term emotional and physical consequences for survivors (cited in Butler, 2007, p. 95).Funeral directors look for the best chance that they can sop up to get a grieving psyche to agree to buy something or to set up an dearly-won funeral while the bereaved are emotionally distraught, which is mostly in the starting time of the funeral grooming process, is when this happens the most. Many funeral directors will say that funeral homes are not taking advantage of consumers when they are most vulnerable, they are exclusively taking the necessary steps to make sure that the consumer gets what they need and what they ask for so as to get the funeral done in the most complete way possible. When a consumer is preoccupied in grieving for the loss of a loved one, they whitethorn be emotionally distraught and kind of out of their norm, however this does not mean that all funeral directors are low enough to take advantage of consumer s. Most funeral directors deal with so numerous emotional people fooling they are at their workplace, that most of them know what it is like for a individual to feel the way they do in that locationfore they will not go out of their way to take advantage of them for that little bit of otiose money. As one can see, this is clearly not the case. Funeral homes overcharge consumers while they are grieving for the loss of a loved one at times when they are most vulnerable, and with pre- intend, this can be partly obviated.The funeral homes of the States also take advantage of the bereaved when they are in a hurry to get the funeral set up. in that location is not much time betwixt when a person passes away, and the time the funeral inevitably to be set up and followed through with. Most of the major finishs regarding funeral arrangements must be do within 24-48 hours (Sommer, Nelson, and Hoyt, 1985). Many people do not know that their loved one is going to pass on when they d o, so they are in a frantic hurry to get the funeral set up and that is what gets them into much(prenominal) a bind with the funeral homes taking advantage of and overcharging them.One thing that a person who is in a hurry to set up a funeral typically does is calls funeral homes in their area asking for price repeats. When a person uses the phone to contact funeral homes round prices, they can compare prices among funeral providers, this may last help them to decide which funeral home and arrangement they would like to consider (USA Funeral Homes Online, 1999). Also, when a person is in a hurry to set up a funeral for a loved one, it is advised that they gather price lists from some of the funeral homes in their area to compare pricing and options (Wilke, 2005). Mark (n.d.) states that the funeral rule also requires that GPLs ( superior command Price Lists) list the prices of up to 16 items if they are services that the funeral home offers. . . . If a person were to go around to funeral homes in their area, a general price list is a good tool that the funeral homes are needed to give them, so they know the prices, thus promoting smart decision making, and the initiative of counteracting be overcharged and taken advantage of.It is often though that when a consumer has a emergent death in the family and they are in a hurry to plan a funeral, most funeral directors are not going out of their way to overcharge them to get that little bit of extra money. They may indeed be overcharging them however, they may simply be charging the prices they do because they motive to be sure to get the consumer e very(prenominal)thing that they need since the process is so hurry in this type of situation. These thoughts are obviously not relevant because, as one can see, if the funeral directors were as caring as they make them seem, they would give any unused money back to the consumer when the funeral is all said and done. obtain around for the best priced funeral home, and ignoring any suggestions given by hospice care centers, could be one of the most important ways for a consumer to greatly littleen the chance of existence overcharged. Funeral homes overcharge consumers while they are grieving for the loss of a loved one, at times when they are in a hurry to plan a funeral for a sudden death, and with pre- homework and smart decision making, this can be partly eliminated.Teaming up with hospice care centers.Consumers need to be witting that funeral homes have different ways of overcharging them. One of the main ways this happens is when funeral homes go together with hospice care centers. The Hospice Patients Alliance (n.d.) states thatOne of the major cozenages committed by such rogue hospices is to refer the family to one particular funeral home, if they havent do arrangements beforehand with other funeral home. The funeral home then charges their very highest rates for funeral home services and the family has no idea that they ha ve been scammed, because they trust the compassionate hospice people. If individuals go to that funeral home directly inquiring about charges for funeral services, they get offered discounted rates, only hospice referrals get charged the highest rates.When funeral homes team up with hospice care centers, they can overcharge consumers large amounts of money, and they can do it very discreetly. Many people would not umbrageous a hospice care center to refer them to a high priced funeral home this is why consumers need to be aware that this could happen. Consumers need to be aware that betrayping around for a funeral home with the best prices is one of the best things they can do to prevent being overcharged, even if a hospice care center that their family trusts recommends a funeral home, or they are pressed with time and any other issue that may come their way. The Hospice Patients Alliance (n.d.) states that you do not have to use the funeral home recommended by a hospice. They s hould not be recommending any funeral homes that is a decision for you to make, not the hospice. Many funeral directors will say that funeral homes may indeed be teaming up with hospice care centers in being sure that the funeral home will have a steady flow of business on account of the recommendations given by the hospice care centers but this does not mean that they are doing it to overcharge the consumers. They may in concomitant be doing this simply to help the family eliminate the hassle of finding a funeral home and going through the process of looking for price quotes, etcetera This is clearly not the case as one can see, simply because if funeral directors were as caring as they seem, they would not be exhausting to get consumers away from looking for price quotes and things like that, they would help them find the funeral home they are looking for, or be sure to accommodate their needs as best they can. Also, if a funeral home has that much trouble get business, someth ing needs to be done, and that funeral home should probably be looked at as a fraud. Funeral homes overcharge consumers while they are grieving for the loss of a loved one. Many people do not realize that it may not only be the funeral home that is in on the scam hospice care centers play a major role in this lie of the consumers also.Quoting the wrong prices.Another quite common way that funeral homes overcharge consumers is by quoting the wrong prices over the phone, or not quoting any at all. There are many people that are pressed for time when it comes mass to planning a funeral, and most of them resort to calling funeral homes to inquire about prices. What many people do not realize, is that the funeral homes may not be giving them the right price quote, and many of them quickly find out that the funeral home may not give them a price quote at all. The reason that some funeral homes do not give any price quotes at all, would be so they could adjust the prices whence to each and every funeral they conduct.The funeral home is inevitable to give you a free copy of the price list when you visit. Its also required to tell you its prices over the phone. If a funeral director refuses to do so, suggesting instead that you come in for an appointment, That should be a warning sign, Slocum says (Block, 2006). Many consumers do not know this important portion of information. The laws that regulate the funeral homes of America are not posted around the race as are the everyday laws that the people of America are required to follow. This is why, when shopping around for a well priced funeral home consumers need to be aware of the laws so as to catch the hints that are thrown at them. The hints that should make them think that perhaps they should not trust some funeral homes that they have come in contact with. When a person that is frantically trying to set up a funeral calls a funeral home, they do not look to to be taken advantage of and overcharged because m ost Americans would agree that this is a very serious business, and that most every funeral home should be trustworthy. However, that is not the case. When consumers are calling funeral homes over the phone, they need to be aware of the dominance dangers that it entails. park thought of consumers is that when a consumer contacts a funeral home over the phone pursuance quotes on prices for their services, the funeral directors may quote the wrong prices this does not mean that is what will be charged. Many funeral directors care enough to provide the consumers only with what they need or would like to have for the funeral, so the prices they quote may only be a ball-park figure for the general funeral service. When a funeral home does not quote a price at all, this may be to eliminate the problem of quoting the wrong prices, or even to eliminate competition between them and other funeral homes. Consumers may be frustrated by this, but in all reality this may be something that coul d help them because if they went with a funeral home that does not quote a price, they may actually end up spending less money than they would at a funeral home that quoted a price that was too high. The thoughts are clearly irrelevant because if funeral homes were quoting ball-park figures, they would most seeming state that the prices they are giving are ball park. Also, if a funeral home does not quote a price at all and others do, it is most obvious that they are planning on giving prices when the funeral is over with so as to inflate the prices and not be detected. Funeral homes overcharge consumers while they are grieving for the loss of a loved one. If consumers are aware of the potential dangers of calling funeral homes for price quotes, and the laws that are supposed to regulate them, this could greatly mitigate the risk of being overcharged.Ways to avoid being overcharged. There are many things that can be done for a person to prevent being overcharged when they are work ing with a funeral home to set up a funeral. The most prominent of all alternatives is full dead automobile trunk harmonium donation, which many people participate in. As Carol Wright (personal communication, February 29, 2008) described, full body organ donation is when a person chooses to donate their entire body to an organization of choice before they die. When they die, the organization will pick up their body from wherever they are, and ship them to where the body will be used. subsequently the organization is done using the body for all intents and purposes, they cremate it and manoeuvre the remains to a family member for a $25.00 shipping fee. Another well-known(a) alternative to being overcharged by a funeral is by using traditional organ donation. This will give the family time to plan the funeral as the infirmary or some other form of medical personnel removes the organ(s) the deceased person has agreed to donate subsequently death, thus slimming the possibility of being overcharged by the funeral home because it gives the family time to look around and find the best prices purchasable to them.One good thing about organ donation is that there have been, for the families of people who donate while they are alive and after they have died, some financial and health care-related reimbursement incentives widely debated (Boulware, Troll, Wang, Powe, 2006). Many people dont realize that without these alternatives, nearly every person in the United States would be taken advantage of at some time or another by a funeral home.The Federal Trade Commission (2000) stated thatTo quiet their families of some of these decisions, an increasing number of people are planning their own funerals, designating their own funeral preferences, and sometimes even paying for them in advance. They see funeral planning as an extension of will and estate planning.If someone in a family dies, and there has been no planning for a funeral whatsoever, the family members that are to do the planning for the funeral are left in a bind. If a person plans their own funeral, the surviving family is left with the precedent, information and moral support needed to get the type of service it wants (Bender, 1974). To eliminate funeral homes taking advantage of and overcharging the bereaved, as The Federal Trade Commissions and Bender state, a person should think about planning their own funeral so that it is set in stone, and the surviving family has much less of a chance of being pressured into meaningless spending while they are most vulnerable. Funeral homes are overcharging consumers while they are grieving for the loss of a loved one.ReviewMajor issues.There have been two major issues discussed in this writing about how funeral homes overcharge consumers the first being that many funeral homes take advantage of consumers when they are most vulnerable. There were two times in which this happens quite often that were discussed here. The first is when consumer s are tied up in grieving and pre-occupied with the whole funeral planning process, and getting things organized and followed through with. The second is when the consumer is pressed for time trying to plan a sudden funeral, and the funeral home takes this hurried process to their advantage.The second major issue discussed is that consumers need to be aware that funeral homes have different ways of overcharging them. There were two of the most common ways discussed here the first being that funeral homes overcharge by teaming up with hospice care centers, and the second being that the funeral homes either quote the wrong prices over the phone, or in person, or they simply do not give prices at all, so as to inflate them accordingly with each and every funeral they conduct.Expenses. The most popular way for consumers to recognize the death of a loved one is to plan for a traditional funeral. conventional funerals can be very costly, and often times not securely what the consumer w as looking for when it is all said and done. Most people would agree that the traditional funeral is the best way to go about putting a loved one to rest however, when funeral homes are overcharging for these services that are already overpriced, it is hard for some consumers to follow through with it because of the fear of running out of money before it is all done with. Darmstadter (1983) stated that the purchase of a funeral is the trey largest single expenditure after a home and a car, that many of us will ever have to make.Alternatives to the traditional funeral service.There are many alternatives to the traditional funeral service, and the most prominent one of those is organ donation. practiced body organ donation and traditional organ donation were discussed anterior in the writing. Full body organ donation is when a person has agreed to donate their body to science after thy have passed on. handed-down organ donation is when a person agrees to allow any of their organs that are useable, to be donated to another human being after they have passed on. These are two of the most prominent ways for consumers to avoid being overcharged by funeral homes and they are used most commonly by people who did not do any pre-planning for their funeral. What many consumers do not realize is that these options are readily available to anyone who would like to take advantage of them they are just not advertised since death is such a furnish topic in the United States.Funeral homes are overcharging consumers while they are grieving for the loss of a loved one. When a consumer is looking around trying to plan a funeral, one of the best ways to avoid being taken advantage of is to be aware of what is happening, and how funeral homes are actually taking advantage of consumers, and what they can do to avoid being take advantage of. A solution to the problem of funeral homes taking advantage of consumers would be for the consumer to shop around for funeral prices and ar rangements in advance when anticipating a funeral. Sure, not every person will have time to do this since not all deaths are anticipated however, this problem will be greatly eliminated if those consumers who are anticipating the death do in fact plan the funeral ahead of time, so as to have the time to go around and shop for the best prices and have the funeral set up the way in which they so desire. Planning a funeral is can be an overwhelming time for the consumer however, following the simple suggestions that have been given throughout this writing may in fact make the job a lot easier. People need to be aware that in times like these where life just seems like it is not worth living, life will go on. As long as consumers are aware of what is happening out there in the funeral service industry, and they plan for things ahead if possible, problems like these may be wholly eliminated all together.