A Response to Richard Vernons Article The Federal Citizen Essays

A Response to Richard Vernons Article The Federal Citizen Essays A Response to Richard Vernons Article The Federal Citizen Essay A Response to Richard Vernons Article The Federal Citizen Essay In this response I will attempt to prove that federalism is not an ideologically determined system, and that the basis of its structure is visible in all types of political orientation, such as the United States, the former Soviet Union and Canada. In this response to Richard Vernons article The Federal Citizen, I will attempt to prove that the essence of federalism is actually a general theme that is available for extraction in all levels of human interaction, from the individual in society to the highest level of supra-government. As Vernon concludes, the three conceptions which necessitate federalism as a constitutional entity are; democratic responsiveness, the openness of choice of identification, and the preservation of politics from (unqualified) nationalism.1 To begin an assessment of Vernons argument for federalism it is first necessary to have a working definition of what this system is and what the goals of its implementation are. It appears to be the idea of dual citizenship, which distinguishes the aspirations of federalism from other systems. This entails belonging to an upper-level national government as well as identifying oneself with a sub level provincial or territorial government. While this is generally agreed to be the goal of federalism, its implementation and even its purpose have been consequently stretched to all shades of the political spectre. Being a broad and loosely defined doctrine, I have chosen to divide my assessment of federalism into four sections, defined as an ideology, a political tool an individual modus operandi and as an economic model. Vernons own definition appears to fulfill the ideological perspective quite neatly and requires no further introduction. As a political tool, federalism attempts to strike a balance between the powers of governmental levels as well as providing representation for majority and minority groups simultaneously. For the individual, federalism can be viewed as a method of placing oneself in the context of ones community and nation simultaneously and separately. The economic view of the federal model is a theory for maximizing utility, in monetary and social forms, while minimizing the costs to create an optimally efficient entity. Two popular forms of federalism which can be inspected from these four perspectives are inter and intra-federalism. Inter-state federalism supports strong decentralized provincial governments where the upper level government serves to monitor the activities of the sub level governments and lead the pursuit of general common goals. From an ideological perspective, inter-state federalism avoids the problem of monarchies and empires that have a centralized structure, which makes them vulnerable to revolution or attack at a single geographical point, the Roman Empire would be a suitable example of such a system. The political analysis reveals that this breed of federalism can lead to an insulation of the individual provinces and, as in the case of Quebec, may cause individual provinces to seek secession from the federal government. It would also appear that minorities within the provinces themselves would not have as high a chance of assistance from the federal government, which would be effectively subservient to the combined powers of the provincial governments. From an individual point of view, a citizen would be more concerned with the political occurrences of her own province and feel a general apathy toward political action at the highest level as well as a disinterest in international politics. A modern example of one of the shortcomings of inter-state federalism is available in the American Civil Rights movement. A deadlock between state and federal government in Alabama meant that racial segregation policies in schools were not officially ratified until 1968, a substantially long time if one considers the date at which Abraham Lincoln officially freed African Americans. This example indicates the general problem of a lack of responsiveness by government to implement immediately the ideological principles it bases itself upon. An economic critique of inter-state federalism reveals that the lack of unification will lead to a dis-economy of scale, meaning that resources that might have been saved through mass, or national, production were used inefficiently. Another interesting consequence of the economic model analysis, is that redistribution of goods or services by a more balkanized government, has the potential of favouritism between jurisdictional levels, assuming that territorial divisions create pockets of culturally or otherwise distinct groups who may be favoured over others. As the division of power gives more individuals the authority to distribute goods or services to smaller groups of individuals, it is assumed that an increase in favouritism will occur. On the other side of the spectre we find intra-state federalism, which concentrates combined regional interests at the centre of government. While in its most extreme form intra-state federalism is nothing more than pluralism, and therefore uninteresting to an exploration of federalism; paradoxically, not all its premises have been denounced. Even anarchist writers such as Proudhon, sought the influence of the intra-state upper level government in their political writings to act as a guarantor of civil liberties and minority rights. Of course, the centralized government from this perspective does not increase its democratic responsiveness to the individual citizen, nor does it protect its citizenry from unqualified nationalism. The argument of political thinkers such as Proudhon, and later George Woodcock, is that a nation-state is too vast and remote to serve the individual citizen adequately; the bureaucracy of large government is too inhuman to accommodate the needs and desires of the people it wishes to represent. Only by narrowing the focus and reducing the size of the government and its population can the institution of government be representative of its people. This theory is considered to be a co-operative model of federalism, where all actions of government are a direct result of popular will. Unfortunately, this theory does little to support the case of minority populations and would necessitate an environment of dispassionate compromise and would pose a threat to groups that tried to distinguish themselves culturally or otherwise. This model is contrasted by a political view of pluralism, where divisions of territory are seen not as cultural demarcations but as fractions of the whole system, where power is checked and balanced by other delegates of power. This picture conflicts with the intended co-operative spirit, and would be just as likely to lead to the restraining of beneficial government action as it would be to enabling it. A division of territory will inevitably lead to inequalities between provinces, consequently, if these divisions are placed in conflict with each other there will doubtlessly be victors and vanquished. It seems fantastic that a single political system could sustain being equally present on opposite sides of the political arena. To arrive any nearer the exact nature of what federalism represents it will be necessary to look slightly more philosophically at what exactly the implications of a multi-levelled government are. Throughout the arguments presented above, it would appear that the dualistic nature of self-identification has survived. I would presently like to propose that its survival is due to the fact that it is prevalent everywhere. The attitude of being from a country but a culturally distinct part of that country is not exclusive to federal nations. I myself being from Norway, consider Bergen my home, and culturally distinct from the rest of the nation. Similar cases are extant throughout the world, from London to Thailand, people will always find ways to distinguish and associate themselves. In terms of political interests, unitary countries often have a citizenry who are more acutely aware of developments on the national level not only of their own nation but of those around it as well. The development of the European Union has had a tremendous impact on how citizens of separate nation-states see themselves as a part of a whole, and the improvement and maintenance of that whole as a collective responsibility. To expand the argument outwards, the United Nations has the potential to unify all nations as subordinate entities. It would appear that federalism is not a necessary condition for a dualistic existence where an individual feels responsibility towards two separate political bodies; the evidence seems to indicate that many people exist on multiple levels of commitment and that the numbers of these allegiances are determined by ones own awareness of the world. I would propose that the theory of Vernons dualism could be transferred to the general principle of awareness, albeit in his case of a political nature. The only remaining arguments for federalism were the three presented at the beginning of this response, namely, democratic responsiveness, choice of identification and protection from unqualified nationalism. To argue against these points individually will require that they are accepted as legitimate claims, in spite of the fact that they all contain an ideological bias. If the premise that federalism is a system without ideological attachments is accepted then all three points become moot. However, I would like to argue that another outlook is available that achieves these apparent goals of federalism. It seems that at least two of the three ideological prerequisites for the existence of federalism, the choice of identification and the protection from unqualified nationalism, can be better and more precisely met by looking outside of the national arena altogether. By having a greater awareness of ones identity in a global context, one would be more free to choose which aspects of that identity one wished to represent and less inclined towards the celebration of one nation-state alone. As argued by Plato in The Republic, the structure of man and a community serve as interchangeable vehicles. Therefore, if it is possible to define a mode of behaviour on a personal level, that exact form is applicable in a proportionate dimension to nation-states or international organisations. The argument proceeds, that an analysis of a given political structure or society will reveal the form of the individuals within that society, in effect their social roles. It is on this principle that I believe the third goal of Vernons federalism is to be found. I would like to argue that the essence of democracy is a philosophical state of being with a pattern of behaviour associated with that state. It would be futile to look to the real world for a responsive democratic government, as with federalism, democracy has become an abstract notion that all countries of the world either title themselves or aspire to. We must therefore accept democracy as an abstract mental projection, an ideal form to which we find only distortions in reality. The essence of democracy is arguably somewhere in between fairness and justice; again two abstract projections neither of which can be said to have corresponding physical manifestations. Therefore, the implications of the term democratic responsiveness are much more complex than a mere streamlining of bureaucratic protocol. I will unfortunately, be unable to give any alternative to federalism for this goal, as I am u nsure of its exact meaning and of Richard Vernons intent when he stated it. The reason that I feel Vernon and his predecessors failed to disentangle themselves from the federalist notion was that they tried to build a framework specific to their political alliances. By setting ideological parameters on a universal principle such as awareness, they blinded their own awareness to the essential truth of what they were exploring. Instead of seeing the ability to juggle several conflicting alliances simultaneously as a natural and necessary condition of human and therefore societal existence, Vernon attempted to establish an absolute truth within a very specific theoretical framework. What he failed to realize was that this basic condition of awareness was the absolute truth and that it existed independent of any political system or framework. I would like to challenge Vernon to find any extant political or social system that could not be interpreted as having his general federalist structure. In conclusion, I would argue that the importance of federalism as a dualist system is a misconception and that all politically aware people exist and view themselves in a multi-levelled society. Vernons ideological claims are not best represented by federalism from an individualistic, ideological, economic or political standpoint. The basic tenants of federalism, as outlined in his closing remarks are not representative of the broad political spectrum which the system crosses. I believe that for federalism to become a concrete political system would require a much closer definition of its constitutional framework.

How being kind to yourself helps you better your life

How being kind to yourself helps you  better your  life There are lots of secrets and strategies floating around for achieving success in life, but there’s one surefire trick that doesn’t get talked about nearly enough- being kind to yourself.  Yes, this seemingly simple yet often overlooked notion can go a long way towards ensuring that you’re living your best possible life in all of its facets- including your career, personal relationships, family, friendships, and other individual pursuits. It’s true! According to a recent article by Inc., being nicer to yourself is an effective way to be happier, healthier, and more successful. It stands to reason- being nice to ourselves encourages and empowers us to want to be the best possible versions of ourselves, and to set personal goals that allow us to make this happen.How it worksWe’ve all learned â€Å"The Golden Rule† regarding how we should treat others. Let’s dig into why you should be applying The Golden Rule to yourself if you want to better your life! Being good to yourself nourishes your sense of self and fuels your motivation and desire to achieve your goals, all necessary ingredients for having fulfilling lives.Self-kindness nourishes your sense of self- simple acts of kindness, from others and to ourselves, not only feels good, it reminds us of the power of kindness and feeds our sense of well-being. It makes us feel special and important, and that we’re entitled to the good things in life. With this mindset, we’re more likely to devote more time and energy to setting and achieving personal milestones for making our lives better.Self-kindness fuels your motivation- with your sense of self nourished through kindness, you’ll feel more energized by life’s possibilities, and will be more likely to seek out ways to improve all facets of your life. You’ll not only feel more worthy of life’s good things, you’ll feel more motivated to go out and attain the better life you know you deserve!Self-kindness helps you achieve your goals- being good to yourself augments your sense of self-worth and makes you feel like you deserve to have your life’s goals achieved. And when you achieve goals in life you’ll feel empowered to set new goals to go after.How to make it work for youNow that you know why being kind to yourself can help you better your life, let’s take a look at a few ways how you can do this.Let yourself indulge in those little things in life that bring you pleasure. A good book, a cup of your favorite coffee, and a delicious dessert are easy and effective ways to be kind to yourself. Making sure to give yourself credit for your accomplishments, whether big or small, is another excellent way to be nice to yourself, and will propel you forward towards trying new challenges and accomplishments without the same fear of potential failure that holds many people back. Also try enhancing your appreciation of where you’re at in your life, focusing on the positives and the challenges you’ve successfully met, while reminding yourself that life is always a journey full of learning experiences.Taking care of yourself is a great way to be kind to yourself- leading a healthy life that includes a balanced diet, low stress, regular exercise, and plenty of sleep will make you feel good inside and out, and help keep you operating at optimum levels, which is an excellent place from which to work towards improving your life and achieving the goals you set for yourself. What’s better than that?

Objective Presentation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Objective Presentation - Essay Example These actions are usually guided by a job description to make them efficient and effective. However, the job description reflects on the organizational structure to assist the staff know the job titles, supervisor and subordinate, specific tasks required, department or units, and among others. In addition, staff members are usually under the control of people of higher ranks known as managers. These managers use an organizational structure to assist them determine which human, technical, and financial resources are available, which resources are lacking, and how resources should be allocated to attain organizational objectives and goals. There are three organizational structures and include Hierarchical, matrix and network structure. However, the optimal structure is a matrix or team structure. This is because it encourages interaction and participation among staff members, hence enhancing interpersonal relations. In addition, it also encourages managers to be more of group leaders and facilitators hence increasing accountability among staff members in an organization. When comparing the matrix structure with the rest, it always emerges the best. Managers in a Hierarchical structure always act as the final decision-makers, but those in matrix structure, focus on the accomplishment of shared objects of the team. In addition, staff members involved in a network structure, usually have a lot of differences in their affiliation and may fail to come up with a common goal. In matrix structure, staff members coordinate with one another and with their facilitator whose primary responsibility is to set objectives and evaluate

Court Justices Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Court Justices - Research Paper Example Answer: The courtroom funds refer to the funds that raised through the money shared by the law firms and litigants having an interest in the state court. The Democratic challengers and Republican incumbents in order to defeat the opposite candidate raise courtroom funds. In this regard, the Democratic challengers raised 69% courtroom funds whereas its incumbent raised 65%; therefore, the former surpassed the latter. Answer: Yes, I agree that distinguishing line between the role of a judge and that of a politician has become blurred for many citizens. The reason for such occurrence is that the judges are elected through campaigning and raising funds, which is also the way politicians are elected. A judge is a person who has to give an impartial and fair judgement to curb menace and encourage fairness in the world. Politicians, on the contrary, are the people who convince the public that they are the true leaders for their nation/state. However, the judges are chosen through the biased fund raising practices. The law firms (corporate defense and plaintiffs) form the largest fund raisers having their cases on the judge’s table. As a result, the judges are not selected through an impartial and fair process that thickly shadows their original role in providing justice to the victim. Answer: I would choose judge for the Supreme Court of Texas through the process of screening test, interview and demonstration test. In this case, each candidate will have to pass a screening test related to written examination. Once cleared, the short listed candidates will have to appear for an interview. Only five candidates will be short listed from the interviews who will later appear for a demonstration test where the individuals and the institutions will all be present to ask complex questions from the screened candidates. Finally, a voting process will take place to select the final candidate. This process is fair and impartial

Artemis Sports Wear Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Artemis Sports Wear - Case Study Example Basically outsourcing means that products and operations are conducted to outside vendors that have expertise in a particular area. The aim may be to reduce costs by saving on personnel benefits, reduce personnel, or to be able to reassign employees to other tasks that are more important. It enables firms to focus on its core competencies and let outside firms do what these firms can do best. Outsourcing has become cost cutting approach to several firms yet it sometimes does not meet its expectations. Consultants often promise 20-40% savings but the average savings are about 9% (Byrne, 1996). Companies like Apple computer Inc. has outsourced its system and network engineering, telecommunications and help-desk services to Canadian firm. GM, Chrysler, Proctor & Gamble and lots of companies are outsourcing their operational processes to Latin America, china, India and other emerging nations. ASW is thinking of long-term growth and augment value to shareholders. So it has to develop long -term relationship to its service providers who are now present globally. By outsourcing IT services of Global service provider results in cutting cost considerably. To outsource the billing system and communication system ASW has to include it within IT services because both the operations are predominantly information orientation and easier to be included in the initial phase. This step considerably cut cost of operations for ASW. Basically billing is a tedious job and needs more and more information exchange between company and customers and one has to track the information, which ultimately need more and more people. After outsourcing the whole process ASW could concentrate on other operations and surplus employees could be retrained and redeployed to other productive activities. ASW also needs to outsource its production process to global service providers from the emerging economies where the skilled labour force is predominantly cheaper. Cheaper labour force cut the cost cons iderably. ASW has proposed to outsource its other activities like customer services and HR activities in near future. Though outsourcing of HR activities affect employees considerably and cut the workforce by 54% and it has the potential for employee resentment and affect productivity as well as motivation adversely. That's why ASW proposed to outsource it in the last. Apart from outsourcing the different operations, ASW has to study different various methods to improve productivity like Value engineering, Total Quality Management (Puffer and McCarthy, 1996), and lean manufacturing (Womack, Jones and Roos, 1990). There is a downside to outsourcing. A company may be locked into a contract and may become too dependent on contractors. Where the unions are strong in sourcing could take place as in several organizations like VW (Volkswagen) and General Motors. So before moving to outsource the operational processes, ASW has to analyze the whole situation and should take a holistic view. It should not follow the trend blindly. ASW has the main aim to cut the cost and provide best to their customers and value to shareholders not at the employee expense. So it must analyze the whole situation and outsource its operational processes carefully, systematically and wisely. References: 1. Byrne, A. John (1996) "Has outsourcing gone to fat" Business

Corporate Culture And Work Motivation Of Employees

Corporate Culture And Work Motivation Of Employees Motivating employees is vital for any organization aspiring to succeed. However, the process of motivating is not straightforward due to the assortment of individuals needs. Research suggests that the valuable use of human capital, as against physical capital, is likely the most important determinant of organizational performance (Alder, 1991). The task has been made more complex with the fact that personalized needs have changed in recent years. For instance, in countless circumstances financial compensation is not considered as the main motivational factor of employees. As a result, it is extremely important that firms understand how to motivate their employees (human capital) to work to their full potential. It has been suggested that people from different national cultures are likely to be motivated by different factors (Boyacigiller et al, 1991; Fisher and Yuan, 1998).   In general, not all industries have adopted innovative practices in a broader scale, despite the fact that numerous studies have proven their success due to issues such as general unawareness of their benefits or unsuitability with the current corporate culture. Therefore, corporate culture plays a significant role in providing a framework where different motivational issues can act. Research has ignored on rudimentary cross-national differences when studying organizations (Steers and Sanchez-Runde, 2002). While much research has focused on motivation in the domestic US setting, only limited research has explicitly studied motivation in cross-national settings (Earley et al, 1999). Obtaining a more thorough understanding of the degree to which different factors motivate people in different countries is especially critical now as it becomes more common that companies operate in multiple countries and as information, people, and capital begin to flow more frequently across borders.   ORGANISATIONAL AND CORPORATE CULTURE In order to understand the degree to which various factors motivate employees from different countries, we first briefly discuss the national cultures of Sweden and Finland. Scholars (e.g Sondergaard, 2001; Yeh and Lawrence, 1995) have been increasingly critical of Hofstedes (1980)  framework for a number of reasons including that the data is from the late 1970s and cultures have now changed and that it is difficult to capture all of the intricacies of national culture in only four dimensions as well as replicability and psychometric properties of the dimensions. Due to shortcomings of the popular Hofstedes (1980)  framework, Trompenaara and Hampden-Turner (1997) will be used here, and applied to MNCs employees world-wide, to assist in characterizing their national cultures and highlight some differences between them. Generally, corporate culture can be seen as the total sum of all needed organizational activities that aim at fulfilling its purpose. It symbolizes the phrase this is the way we do things around here. Trampenaara (1997) defines it as the way in which a group of people solve problems (Trampenaara, 1997:7). According to a report made by Commissions of the European Communities, an average European individual works 1,660 hours a year and 70,000 hours in a lifetime. This means that large portion of each individuals life is spent at work. Seeing that the workplace is transforming into a second home, employees are to a greater extent drawing their motivation from features related to their work conformity. The increasing need for employees to work well beyond their 60s has lead to the overall worry of employee well-being. Therefore these innovative practices could be a part of an even bigger solution by contributing to the creation of a more human working environment, while at the same time offering incentives for innovation and efficient work. More so, when describing culture, one is discussing about various concepts such as values, norms and beliefs. According to Trampenaaras framework, they are often represented as concentric spheres comparable to the layers of an onion. Figure 1: Trompenaars and Hampden-Turners culture model Source: (Trompenaars et al, 1997) Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner model represents culture from its most implicit characteristic to its most explicit one. The assumption about existence is in the core of culture. This implicit aspect is based on the collective experience from which the group in a work environment organizes itself in order to deal with the environment and the different circumstances that the group has to face. The second layer consists of values and norms. Values can easily be identified as the ideals of a group. They are often written down and are the expressions of good and bad. The norms express what is right and wrong through formal or informal aspects such as law or social control. These norms and values dictate peoples behaviours within a group (work environment). Hence, cultural stability is based on the cohesiveness between the norms and the values in a group. The latter layer is the explicit product of the culture such as language, food, monuments and symbols, art, fashion and so on (Trompenaa rs et al, 1997). According to Donald Munro, culture can also affect motivation at lower physical levels, in that cultures produce artefacts and alter the environment in such a way that other mental processes that serve motivational states are also affected (Munro et al 1997). Therefore, corporate culture provides two implications to motivation: it limits its existence and it also provides a framework where to alleviate it. In general, corporate culture is determined by three characteristics related to the organizational structure (Trompenaars et al, 1997): Table 1: Characteristics à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The general relationship between employee and organization. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The authority system which defines managers and subordinates by a vertical or hierarchical system. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The employees opinions about their place in the organizations future, purpose and goals. Source: (Trompenaars et al, 1997) Companies with strong corporate culture are more able to improve their performances by committing members of the organization in a stronger way. Thus, corporate culture highlights values, beliefs and behaviour that should be followed by the employees. Despite this it is up to the employees to decide whether to follow them or not. However, cultural considerations work the other way as well. Employees have an impact on the organization by bringing with them their own beliefs and values (Lok and Crawford, 2004). Hence, their level of commitment will depend on these individual factors. If employees adopt the values and beliefs that the corporate culture stands for, the result will be a high level of commitment and cohesion. On the contrary, if personal values and beliefs do not fit with the corporate culture, the gap can impact negatively on the employees. Obviously, the optimal result is achieved when the organizations culture and the employees beliefs and values match. Trompenaars Hampden-Turner have identified four (4) others different kinds of organizational cultures (Trompenaars et al, 1997) which are; Eiffel Tower culture: A strong and rational hierarchy characterizes where the role, which is strictly defined, is more important than the personality of the managers. Personal relationships are avoided in this kind of organizational culture because it can impact on the evaluation of the employees. Motivation and commitment of the employees are based on their role in the company and the rules that govern it. Guided Missile culture: Based on equality and task-orientation. It relates to other tasks in a bigger process to reach the goals. This culture is widespread in project orientation. This culture implies more loyalty towards professions and projects than organizations because individuals can change companies in order to be hired on a new project requiring their competences. Then, the motivation is intrinsic to people as well projects and can also be implemented by current pay-for-performance practices regarding to the reached objectives. Family: culture is characterized by strong relationships among people, which is mostly the case in this organization. The individuals are close to each other and have developed personal relationships like friendship. Incubator culture: Self-oriented and highly individualistic and egalitarian. The organization serves the fulfillment of the individual. Motivation is intrinsic to people and intense. Figure 1: Diagrammatic representation Trompenaars Four Diversity Cultures Source: (Trompenaars et al, 1997) Depending on the country these diverse cultures can be more or less present and their influence can vary as well. In general, the more attractive the corporate culture is seen by the employees, the more committed they are towards it. Therefore, corporate culture influences motivation of the employees. An attractive corporate culture must be real in the structure and behavior within the organization and not only in the words, which promote pleasant values. Reason for this being that, people can easily perceive the differences between claimed corporate culture and the reality itself. If motivated employees perceive that the culture promoted is not genuine they will lose their motivation and feel betrayed and disrespected (Earle, H.A., 2003). A consequence from this kind of activity can be that employees resign from their jobs. The impact of culture on motivation can also be seen in its capacity to have continuously challenging, productive and dynamic environment. The level of innovatio n and creativity has to be enduring in order to keep employees alert and motivated (Trompenaars et al, 1997). Most of the cultures that Trompenaars describes rarely ever exist in a pure form; they are more often in a combination, with one type dominating the relationship. One type of culture is more common in one country than the other. The figure below explains what type of culture dominates in what country. Figure 2 National Patterns of Corporate Culture Corporate Image Source :(Trompenaars et al, 1997:179) In order to have a more global view on the matter, six nations were placed on the figure (above). The figure shows how each nation differs in respect to the dominating corporate culture. This implies that individuals in each country relate differently, have different outlooks of authority, reflect, learn and change in various manners and that they are motivated by different rewards (Trompenaars et al, 1997). Thus, managers have a crucial responsibility in locating subordinates motivational factors and implementing them into corporate culture. There exist various motivational factors, which can be implemented into corporate culture in order to motivate employees. 3. MOTIVATION THEORY One of the most well known scholars in motivational issues is Abraham Maslow; the reason for this is its universal reputation. He believes that every individual has various needs that have to be satisfied. The hierarchy of needs as the Maslows theory is called consists of five different levels. If those levels are recognized for example in an employee, a manager can distinguish what kind of concepts may be used as motivational factors. Corporate culture itself has a significant role in providing a framework where motivational factors operate. Besides motivation, corporate culture facilitates such crucial aspects of organizational life as unity among employees and overall wellbeing. 3.1 Maslows Hierarchy of Needs theory Maslows theory is rooted in the Western traditions, since it steer action that is driven by self-interests. It takes into consideration how individuals satisfy different needs in their work environment. Maslow argued that there is a broad outline of needs, appreciation and satisfaction that individuals follow, in a more or less similar pattern. The theory also presupposes that a person cannot pursue the next need in the hierarchy, before the current one is satisfied. The hierarchical theory is presented in the figure three below. Figure 3: Maslows Hierarchy of Needs It is frequently demonstrated as a pyramid with the lower needs at the bottom. When climbing up towards the peak of the pyramid, one gets closer to the self-actualization needs. Occasionally managers have used Maslows pyramid as a sort of a guideline. The reason for this is that employees often find it difficult to express what they want from a job. One can relate Maslows theory to traditional and innovative motivational practices so that the higher one goes up in the pyramid the closer he/she gets to the innovative practices. Physiological and safety elements are more directly linked to basic issues such as having a job and getting financial compensation in return for the services provided at work. In contrast, self-esteem and self-actualization are more related to work environment and the job itself. 4. CONCLUSION From the above study and research, I concluded that the fact that the corporate cultures are a mix of cultures explains the use of a motivational theory and this studys results shows that national culture plays a significant role in knowing the conditions for motivating people. It is inspiring that largely opposite factors do the best job at motivating the Swedish and Finish employees. The findings speak to the importance of using extreme caution when transplanting the many western-developed motivation theories, and in fact management theories in general, to other national contexts. Corporate culture that exists in both countries is moderately similar. Both have a mixture of task and person oriented cultures. Culture affects task-orientated or person-orientated corporate culture. Person-oriented culture emphasizes the use of innovative motivational practices, with the aim of developing individuals and their work. These innovative practices result mostly in a high amount of freedom and entrepreneurship spirit that facilitate innovation and creativity- Maslows theory. The task-oriented culture promotes the use of traditional motivational tools.

Subtle Differences in Where The Wild Things Are Essay -- Picture Books

Subtle Differences Make Where The Wild Things Are a Classic When one thinks of a children's picture book, one usually thinks of bright colors and a story that involves a princess and a prince charming. One of the most classic children's books, Maurice Sendak's Where The Wild Things Are, however, neither uses bright colors nor a traditional love story. Instead the readers meet a young boy, Max, who, when sent to his room without dinner, imagines a far off land. We meet his friends, "the wild things", and learn that Max is the "most wild thing of all". Those aforementioned trends are not the only aspects that set Where The Wild Things Are apart from other children's picture books. Its structure, plot, and message all contribute to the individuality of this particular children's book. One interesting aspect about Where The Wild Things Are is the way the pictures and text are set up. The first sixteen pages and last two pages have text with a blank background on the left and the picture on the right. Only a few pages in the middle have the picture and text conjoined on the same page. William Moebius, in his article 'Introduction to Picturebook Codes', refers to something called "the drama of the turning of the page" (132). He observes that a picture book only allows the reader a few words and ideas at a time; authors very carefully decide which ideas and words belong on each page. The few pages where text and picture are together, Max is interacting with the wild things, while the other pages solely describe Max's individual actions. Perhaps Sendak wants the reader to be more aware of the text while Max is alone than what is going on in the text when he is with the wild things. Sendak chooses ... ... have their own way of expressing love, and we learn at the end that Max uses this expression to show his love for his mother. Max and his mother subtly show their loving relationship, and it is just enough for the readers to understand. Where The Wild Things Are seems to be a simple text to understand, but it has many subtleties that are expressed both through text and pictures that give the story a bigger meaning than what is on the surface. The combination between text, pictures, repetition, and the messages sent makes this picture book a children's literature classic. Works Cited Moebius, William. Introduction to Picturebook Codes, Word & Image, vol. 2, no. 2 (April - June 1986), pp. 141-51, 158. Sendak, Maurice. Where the Wild Things Are, New York, Harper Collins Publishers: 1963. Subtle Differences in Where The Wild Things Are Essay -- Picture Books Subtle Differences Make Where The Wild Things Are a Classic When one thinks of a children's picture book, one usually thinks of bright colors and a story that involves a princess and a prince charming. One of the most classic children's books, Maurice Sendak's Where The Wild Things Are, however, neither uses bright colors nor a traditional love story. Instead the readers meet a young boy, Max, who, when sent to his room without dinner, imagines a far off land. We meet his friends, "the wild things", and learn that Max is the "most wild thing of all". Those aforementioned trends are not the only aspects that set Where The Wild Things Are apart from other children's picture books. Its structure, plot, and message all contribute to the individuality of this particular children's book. One interesting aspect about Where The Wild Things Are is the way the pictures and text are set up. The first sixteen pages and last two pages have text with a blank background on the left and the picture on the right. Only a few pages in the middle have the picture and text conjoined on the same page. William Moebius, in his article 'Introduction to Picturebook Codes', refers to something called "the drama of the turning of the page" (132). He observes that a picture book only allows the reader a few words and ideas at a time; authors very carefully decide which ideas and words belong on each page. The few pages where text and picture are together, Max is interacting with the wild things, while the other pages solely describe Max's individual actions. Perhaps Sendak wants the reader to be more aware of the text while Max is alone than what is going on in the text when he is with the wild things. Sendak chooses ... ... have their own way of expressing love, and we learn at the end that Max uses this expression to show his love for his mother. Max and his mother subtly show their loving relationship, and it is just enough for the readers to understand. Where The Wild Things Are seems to be a simple text to understand, but it has many subtleties that are expressed both through text and pictures that give the story a bigger meaning than what is on the surface. The combination between text, pictures, repetition, and the messages sent makes this picture book a children's literature classic. Works Cited Moebius, William. Introduction to Picturebook Codes, Word & Image, vol. 2, no. 2 (April - June 1986), pp. 141-51, 158. Sendak, Maurice. Where the Wild Things Are, New York, Harper Collins Publishers: 1963.

Forbes reports

The self-declared diva and her rapper spouse, who, Forbes reports, together earned more than $70 million in 2011, leased the 11-section of land property for $400,000, as per the New York Post, only for one month. The New York Post likewise reported that the rapper used $600,000 on a robust gold, carefully assembled stallion from Japanese gem specialist Gina Tanana for Blue VIVO', when she as conceived, and Beyond © and Jay-Z supposedly used $1. 5 million on blessings for their now 2-year-old child (Amethyst Tate – International Business Times).As the tour comes to an end, the super stardom couples are still proactively working and adhering to the needs of their many fans. Bayonne is due to return to the studio to begin working on her fifth studio recording album. As it relates, this upcoming album will not be release secretly as the self titled album BAYONNE was released during the beginning of 2014, which shocked the entire nation. Jay Z is also scheduling his next Naughty By Nature, Biggie Smalls and Outpace Shakier. This album is said to be one of the greatest Hip Hop collaboration ever to embrace entertainment, says Hip Hop weekly reporter.The above mentioned premises clearly points out a successful and happy marriage. As we are fully aware, this power couple is one of the most exclusive couples on the face of the earth. Bayonne managed to hide her pregnancy from the world until the day of birth of her daughter. The couple secretly invited some of the world's elite to their exclusive wedding ceremony at Jay G's New York apartment without anyone being made aware of this harmonious event but those invited. This Ewing said, this exclusive and very careful couple are serious about concealing their lives from the public.Just like any natural human being, their business should be their business. In sum, the writer of this original inductive argument proves no point of this rumored possibility. As it relates, inductive arguments are developed though causa l arguments, generalizations, and arguments by analogy which are presented in inductive argument forms. This reporter is clearly displaying the ad hoc fallacies as described from the informal logical fallacies family, as he presents an argument due to the circumstances of the two super stars.To present this statement to be true, the writer points out Bayonne, changing the lyrics to one of her beautiful but extremely depressing (in themed) ballads are actually the smoke signals representing the â€Å"truth† to this rumor. This article is extremely week as it relates only on assumptions. There are no presented hard pieces of evidences which points out that in fact, Bayonne and Jay Z will be soon divorcing upon the completion of their current â€Å"On The Run† tour. The authors inductive arguments are build solely on a foundation of rumors, paparazzi, internet blobs and social medial.

X-ray interactions with matter Essay Example

X X-ray interactions with matter Paper X-ray interactions with matter Paper This document presents the interactions of x-ray with matter. It talks about the five types of x-ray interactions with matter, photoelectric absorption, compton scattering, pair production, coherent interaction, and photodisintegration. Each of this x-ray interactions are discussed in a manner that it can be understood by the general public. This document also dwells on the various exposure factors involve in radiography. It also provides a brief discussion of the attenuation that occurs when a photon travels through the matter. X-ray is a form of Photon that is created when energetic electron interacts with matter at the atomic level. Photons end their lives when they collide with electrons and transfer their energy. Like other forms of photons, x-rays possess intrinsic energy that may be imparted to the matter they interacts with. Interaction takes place as either absorption (transfer of energy from the X-ray photon to the absorbing material) or scattering (in which the X-ray photon is â€Å"redirected† by interaction with the scattering material) (Connolly, 2007). X-ray has been used extensively in medical imaging which sometimes brings wonders to a number of people of how x-rays are able to penetrate solid objects and produce images of the internal structure. Photoelectric Absorption occurs when a photon hits the atom of matter and all of its energy is transferred to the electron which is then knocked out of its orbital. The atom becomes ionized due to the loss of an electron. The photon, which is a form of energy, completely disappears as it transfers all its energy to the electron knocking it out of the orbital. The electron is ejected from the atom by the transformation of energy from light to kinetic energy and begins to pass through the surrounding matter. The electron rapidly loses its energy and moves only a relatively short distance from its original location. The photons energy is, therefore, deposited in the matter close to the site of the photoelectric interaction (Sprawls, 2006). The energy transfer is a two-step process. The photoelectric interaction in which the photon transfers its energy to the electron is the first step. The depositing of the energy in the surrounding matter by the electron is the second step. The transfer of energy is depicted by figure 1 to figure 2. Figure 1. Before Collision Figure 2. After Collision Photoelectric interaction normally occurs with electrons that has relatively high binding energy. It is most probable when the electron binding energy is only slightly less than the energy of the photon. If the binding energy of the electron is greater than the photon then photoelectric interaction cannot occur. This is because the interaction can only occur if the photon has sufficient energy to knock and overcome the binding energy, thus removing the electron from the atom. Compton Effect Compton effect occurs when a photon hits the atom of matter and only a portion of its energy is transferred to the electron. The photon still leaves the vicinity of the interaction in a direction different from the original path of the photon. This is illustrated in figure 3. The atom also becomes ionized due to the loss of an electron. The Relativistic energy and momentum are conserved in this process1 and the scattered x-ray photon has less energy and therefore greater wavelength than the incident photon (Connolly, 2007). The photon that leaves the vicinity of the interaction may interact further with the nearby atoms until it looses all its energy or escapes the matter and goes outside.

Mental Health Essay Example

Mental Health Essay Example Mental Health Paper Mental Health Paper Essay Topic: Eva Luna within an individual and controls their mind and body. However in contrast to this Hippocrates (460-355bc) believed in a biological cause of mental illness. His belief about the treatment of mental illness extended to a kind of brain pathology that was to be treated with proper diet, drink and abstinence from sexual activity (Davison Neale, 1997). The Greek concept of mental illness was well spread through to the Roman Empire. Platos (428-348 B. C. ) regarded mind as a cause of madness. He believed that the cause of mental illness is a persons ignorance of a psyche; the force that kept the human being alive; which leads to the self-deception (Mora, 1985). It was at that point that a psychological viewpoint of mental illness was also presented. During this era many thought that both mind and body was a cause of mental illness but, unfortunately both approaches could not be synchronised, so the mind and body position went separately through this period. During the middle ages the Hippocratic viewpoint of mental illness was gaining prominence with many doctors believing the causes of mental illness to have a biological basis. Constantinus Africanus (1020-1087) founder of the first medical school founded in Salerno, claimed melancholia was a result of an excess of bile causing an imbalance to the system of the body. (Mora, 1985) Later during the renaissance period (15th-16th century) there had been a period of witch-mania, which led to Pope Innocent the 8th sending monks to be the inquisitors of witches. From this the Malleus Maleficarun (1486) â€Å"the witchs hammer was published serving as the instruction manual for the inquisitors (Romm Friedman, 1994). During this time the mentally ill were among those persecuted and witchcraft or possession was declared as the cause of their illness. This witchcraft hysteria pushed the biological theories on mental illness backwards as those who favoured applying a biological theory to the illness feared the punishment of the inquisition. It wasnt until the 18th century that a major shift from the supernatural explanation to clinical explanation of mental illness happened. This was through a complete rejection of witchcraft and various other scientific accomplishments in other areas. Legislation was created by the government to â€Å"deal† with what they considered as undesirables leading to the birth of mad houses for the purpose of detaining individuals. Acts such as The Vagrancy Act (1744) and the Mad Houses Act (1744) were created during this time. From these newly formed acts care for the mentally ill was based upon institutionalised care which saw the building of large asylums used to house the mentally ill using the medical model of treatment. The medical model is based on a biological theory with the aim to find medical treatments for diagnosed symptoms; this model treats the body as a very complex mechanism as it attempted to offer physical pathological explanations to mental illness. Mental illness was regarded as being ill and requiring medical treatment and intervention. According to Davison Neale, an important contribution to the biological aetiology was Louis Pasteur’s establishment of the germ theory of disease, which claims that disease is caused by infection of the body by minute organisms. This theory provides an excellent basis to develop the aetiology of specific mental disorders due to viral diseases. The changes in physical pathology are believed to result in symptomatic changes of mood, behaviour, perception and thoughts that characterise the medical diagnosis of mental illnesses. The field of Psychiatry uses the tool of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders to make diagnoses. It lists over 200 mental health conditions and the criteria required for each one in making the diagnosis. Treatments for mental illness through the medical model are based upon reliving of symptoms through medical interventions and providing a cure. These medical interventions would be delivered in medical settings such as hospitals and involve treatments such as: E. C. T. and medication. These treatments are aimed to cure the symptoms and behaviour associated with mental illness. The medication aims to combat the chemical imbalance that the medical model has attributed to the cause of most mental illnesses. Schizophrenia is one of the most commonly diagnosed severe mental illnesses with the most widely used form of treatment is the use of anti-psychotic medication. Anti-psychotic drugs are believed to work by changing the activity of chemicals that transmit messages in the brain. The chemical they work on is dopamine. All antipsychotic drugs can cause side effects but these can be different for each patient. The medical model tends to define recovery in negative terms; symptoms and complaints need to be eliminated, illnesses need to be cured or removed. Patients need to be relieved of their conditions and returned to their pre morbid, healthy, or more accurately not-ill state (Pratt, 2007) The Mental Health Act (1983) defines individuals suffering with mental illness as patients. The Act deals with people who have a mental disorder; it contains the effect of detention and covers the interests of a persons health and safety. This act supports the medical model by determining that treatment is needed for the persons disorder implying the same basic philosophy of the medical model of diagnosis, treatment, and cure. The social model examines our relationship and the environment. It was developed in response to the medical model and the impact it had on individual’s life. The social model provides a different perspective, it does not concern with how bad a person’s illness is. It establishes that society erects barriers that prevent people, in turn restricting their opportunities. The philosophy of the social model is to rid society of these barriers, rather than relying on curing the person. The social models primary focus is being on family and group relationships. It considers the social class, risk, vulnerability increase. Early life experiences, peer group, education and sexual experiences are also considered important. The social model of care aims to give other reasons for mental illness, in that it is not just biological. It gives explanation through the environmental factors of life. The social model philosophy is that illness is caused by the society in which we live and is not the fault of an individual person, or an inevitable consequence of their limitations. Recovery is a life orientation that highlights the potential of people with severe mental illness to seek increasingly productive and meaningful lives through activities of their own choosing. The Psychological model is based upon the academic field of psychology. It attempts to explain mental illness through study of the human mind and behaviour. Psychology applies knowledge from the field of study to aspects of human activity, including the problems of individuals daily lives and the treatment of mental illness. Psychologys primary concern is the interaction of mental processes and behaviour and not simply the biological of neutral processes themselves. In 1879 Wilhelm founded a laboratory at the Leipzig University in Germany specifically to focus on the study of psychology. William James later published his 1890 book, Principles of Psychology which laid many of the foundations for the sorts of questions that psychologists would focus on for years to come. The psychological model of care is split into three areas of theory. * Behavioural: inappropriate behaviour learned from negative life experiences, Behavioural Therapies/approaches focus on the need to re-learn more adaptive and appropriate patterns. * Cognitive: perception and interpretation of the world. * Psychoanalytical: Fixation at one of life’s earlier stages. Behaviourism is the psychological theory of the study of behaviour. It rejects the idea that internal mental states such as beliefs, desires, or goals can be studied scientifically. Behaviourism was the dominant model in psychology for much of the 20th century, largely because of the creation and successful application of conditioning theories as scientific models of behaviour. Cognitive psychology studies cognition, the mental processes underlying behaviour. It uses information processing as a framework for understanding the mind. Perception, learning, problem solving, memory, attention, language and emotion are all well researched areas. Cognitive psychology is associated with a school of thought known as cognitivism, whose adherents argue for an information processing model of mental function, informed by positivism and experimental psychology. Psychoanalytical Sigmund Freud, who was trained as a neurologist and had no formal training in experimental psychology, had invented and applied a method of psychotherapy known as psychoanalysis. Freuds understanding of the mind was largely based on interpretive methods and introspection, but was particularly focused on resolving mental distress and psychopathology. Freuds theories became very well-known, probably because they tackled subjects such as sexuality and repression as general aspects of psychological development. These were largely considered taboo subjects at the time, and Freud provided a catalyst for them to be openly discussed in polite society. Although Freuds theories are of virtually no interest today in psychology departments, his application of psychology to clinical work has been very influential. (Jarvis, 2000) Psychotherapy treatments involve a range of techniques which use dialogue and communication and are intended to improve the mental health of the individual. Most forms of psychotherapy use spoken conversation; though some also use various other forms of communication such as writing, art work or touch. More often than not psychotherapy involves a therapist and client on a one to one basis or as group. The therapy addresses specific forms of diagnosable mental illness, or everyday problems in meeting personal goals. Treatment of more everyday problems is referred to as counselling but the term is used interchangeably with psychotherapy. Psychotherapeutic interventions are often designed to treat the client in the medical model, although not all psychotherapeutic approaches follow the model of illness/cure. Some practitioners, such as humanistic schools, see themselves in an educational or helper role. Mental health care practice has now evolved into a mixture of the three models of care and is referred to as the bio psychosocial approach. The bio psychosocial approaches to treatment are broadly speaking holistic. Biological psychological and social factors are all incorporated into individual patient assessment. The bio psychosocial model of medicine is a way of looking at the mind and body of a patient as two important systems that are interlinked. The bio psychosocial model is also a technical term for the popular concept of the mind-body connection. This is in contrast to the traditional biomedical model of medicine. The bio psychosocial model draws a distinction between the actual pathological processes that cause disease, and the patients perception of their health and the effects on it, called the illness. As well as a separate existence of disease and illness, the bio psychosocial model states that the workings of the body can affect the mind, and the workings of the mind can affect the body. (Gilbert. P, 2002) stated that: At its best the bio psychosocial approach is holistic but is also more than that. The bio psychosocial approach addresses the complexity of interactions between different domains of functioning and argues that it is the interaction of domains that illuminate important processes. Gilbert, P (2002). Government policies and guidelines dictating the standards of care for the mentally ill now give consideration to the bio psychosocial approach to care. The National Service Framework for mental health was launched in 1999 and sets out how mental health services will be planned, delivered and monitored. The NSF lists seven standards that set targets for the mental health care of adults aged up to 65. These standards span five areas: health promotion and stigma, primary care and access to specialist services, needs of those with severe and enduring mental illness, carers needs, and suicide reduction are also considered. A primary concern of anti-psychiatry is that an individuals degree of adherence to communally, or majority, held values may be used to determine that persons level of mental health. Other organisations such as Mind Freedom International and World Network of Users and Survivors of Psychiatry maintain that psychiatrists exaggerate the evidence of medication and minimize the evidence of adverse drug reaction. An article published through the anti-psychiatry movement stated that: â€Å"Psychiatry should be abolished as a medical speciality because medical school education is not needed nor even helpful for doing counselling or so-called psychotherapy, because the perception of mental illness as a biological entity is mistaken, because psychiatrys treatments  other than counselling or psychotherapy (primarily drugs and electroshock) Hurt rather than help people, because non-psychiatric physicians are better able than psychiatrists to treat real brain disease, and because non-psychiatric physicians acceptance of psychiatry as a medical specialty is a poor reflection on the medical profession as a whole (Stevens. L, 2006). The medical profession does not have a precise understanding of why some individuals develop a psychiatric disorder and some do not. Some have developed a general theory to explain the causes of these disorders and their course over time called the stress vulnerability model. This theory was originally introduced as a means to explain some of the underlying causes of schizophrenia by Zubin Spring, (1977). Therefore Psychiatric disorders have a biological basis, but environmental factors can influence their course over time. The stress-vulnerability model points out that a positive outcome of a psychiatric disorder is more likely if environmental stress is minimized or managed well, medication is taken as prescribed, and alcohol and drug abuse are avoided. Conclusion Through the evolution of mental health care it has been made clear that the three separate models of medical, social and psychological approaches of care are not each in their own right complimentary to the holistic needs of individuals suffering with diagnoses of mental illness. Pressure from such groups as the Anti- Psychiatry movement is helping to change attitudes and perceptions about mental health. Critics of psychiatry generally do not dispute the notion that some people have emotional or psychological problems, or that some psychotherapies do not work for a problem. They do usually disagree with psychiatry on the source of these problems; the appropriateness of characterising these problems as illness and on what the proper management options are. Mental health care is delivered with assessments and needs of the individual being assessed through a collaborative approach of Effective Care Co-ordination. ECC assesses individual’s needs through the bio psychosocial philosophy i. e. : medical assessment, social needs and or psychological interventions. All mental health service users have a range of needs which no one treatment service or agency can meet alone; this system of ECC allows a service user access to the most relevant response. Hopefully providing the individual the necessary tenets of care they require. References: Davison, G. C. Neale, J. M. (1997) Abnormal psychology (7th Ed. ). New York, John Wiley Sons Inc. Department of Health. (1999) National Service Framework, Mental Health. The Stationary Office Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth edition. Copyright 2000 American Psychiatric Association. Gilbert, P.(2002) Clinical Psychology. Understanding the bio psychosocial approach: Conceptualisation. Kingsway Hospital, Derby. Flanagan, C. (2003) Psychology for AS: AQA Specification: The Complete Companion, Cheltenham, Nelson Thornes Ltd | | | | | | | | | Bottom of Form Mora,G. (1985) History of Psychiatry. Baltimore, M. D. : Williams Wilkins. Mental Health Act 1983. [Online] Available: dh. gov. uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_4005756 [Accessed 3rd February 2010] Stevens, L. Why psychiatry should be abolished as a medical speciality. [Online] Available: http://antipsychiatry. org/abolish. htm. [Accessed 23rd February 2010] Sue, D et al. (1990) Understanding abnormal behaviour (3rd Ed. ). Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin. The 1832 Madhouse Act and the Metropolitan Commission in Lunacy from 1832 [Online] Available: http://studymore. org. uk/3s. htm [Accessed 25th February 2010] UPIAS [Online] Available: gmcdp. com/UPIAS. html [Accessed 6thMarch 2010] Zubin, J. The aim of this essay is to explore and explain how differing theoretical approaches used by mental health practitioners can affect the way care is provided. This will be achieved through examining the influences of each model and their effects upon the practice of mental health care. Some historical information will be provided to give explanation of the background into the evolution of social and moral perspectives that have shaped mental health care practice throughout the ages. There are 3 principle theoretical approaches used in practice today those being the biological, psychological and social models. People who exhibited behaviour that deviated from what society considered the norm would be considered to have an evil mind. Treatment during these times would be conducted in the forms of spiritualistic ceremonies and crude forms of brain surgery, (trepanning) done by the shaman. The motive for this practice would be to allow evil spirits to be released. It has been suggested that stone-age cave dwellers may have treated behaviour disorders with this treatment of trepanation. (Sue et al, 1990). It appears inevitable that they explained mental illness through a non-scientific cause, because they had not developed scientific techniques to provide a materialistic cause. The supernatural concept of mental illness still existed throughout ancient times with many civilisations such as the Egyptians, Greeks and the Roman Empire believing the cause to be one of a supernatural reason. It was with the ancient Egyptians came the first signs of changes to the treatment of the mentally ill. Egyptians like the early Stone Age societies mainly regarded mental illness as magical or religious in nature; however their society which was obsessed with life after death meant that the health of the mind or soul played an essential part in ones overall health. There is evidence to suggest that an ancient temple near Saqqara was being used as a rudimentary hospital for the treatment of the mentally ill which could mean that Egyptian society with its fixation on the health of the soul has the first recorded evidence of a mental healthcare system for their society. (Flanigan, 2003) According to Davison Neale, the Greek philosophy of mental illness was a doctrine of demonology that an evil being, such as the devil dwells

Critical questions Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Critical questions - Coursework Example An example of when I used critical thinking is when my laptop was stolen at my place. My best friend Max and his distant cousin Gabriel had come over to play video games. After sometime, I noticed my laptop was missing and confirmed this after looking for it all over the house. Max insisted that only Gabriel could have taken it since he was the only person among us who had gone outside. Max insisted we beat him up until he produced the laptop, but after thinking very carefully, I realized that beating him up would do more harm than good so I decided to leave the issue with the police to solve it. I reported the matter to the police, and Gabriel owned up and I got my laptop back. Critical thinking is not only important in the professional discipline, but it is also important in the basic life. For example, I decided not to agree with max after carefully examining the implications of our action. If we would have beaten him up, we would have been charged with taking the law into our own hands and assault among other things. Therefore, it is important to use critical thinking in order for us to reach sound

Management a la Google by Gary Hamel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Management a la Google by Gary Hamel - Essay Example Secondly, the company maintains a networked organizational structure rather than a hierarchical one, thereby ensuring that ideas which are generated compete on the basis of merit rather than hierarchical authority. Thirdly, Google management allows its executive to develop 20% of their working time for any project they choose as opposed to being restricted to working with ongoing projects only. This ensures that new ideas and projects are concurrently being developed, which is equivalent to Google’s seed corn for the future. (Hamel, 2006). Fourthly, Google is committed to ensuring that only the best brains become part of the Google team. The reasoning is that the entry of mediocre employees will produce a corresponding decline in the quality of the work that is produced for the Company. Hamel offers the opinion that Google management appears to be pursuing a well-honed strategy that is likely to yield benefits in the future and help the company to avoid many of the traditional pitfalls that afflict other Companies. Google’s strategic focus on innovation and the development of new software and technology is likely to help the Company to sustain a competitive edge rather than becoming stagnant and resting on its laurels as other companies tend to do. By ensuring that ongoing projects are not given so much value that not enough provision is made for the future, Google is ensuring that new seeds are being continuously planted, which could yield future benefits for the Company. The Company’s loose, networked structure is also likely to be an advantage in ensuring that decisions are made fast and with the minimum of bureaucracy so that the Company continues to function in an efficient manner, giving precedence to the merit of new ideas over hierarchical power structures and authority. Its elitist stand in hiring only A-level executives and keeping out mediocre.